Nature-based Productive City: a New Approach in Urban Sustainable Development

Sanjari, Sepideh; Zarabadi, Zahra Sadat Saeideh; Behzadfar, Mostafa

Nature-based Productive City: a New Approach in Urban Sustainable Development

Document Type : Original Research

Authors

S. Sanjari ¹

Z. S. S. Zarabadi ²

M. Behzadfar ³

¹ Ph.D. Student, Department of Urban Development, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

² Associate Professor, Department of Urban Development, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

³ Professor of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Aims: Cities and their surrounding areas provide the ground for creating opportunities. Moreover, these places reveal systematic socio-economic fault lines, gaps, inequalities, and structural poverty. Cities are centers where ecosystems cross their functional thresholds and reinforce inequalities and vulnerabilities with increasing demands and pressures on limited natural resources. Therefore, it is time to move quickly from the extraction-based model in the last century to a renewable, flexible, and nature-based model which accepts the limitations of our world.

Methods: Therefore, this study aims to identify the concept of productive city as a novel concept in the theoretical field of urban planning using the systematic review method based on a four-stage model via formulating the search strategy of papers and search process considering terms of productive city, productive urban planning, urban productivity and nature city in the top citation databases. In total, 214 papers were identified from 2013 to 2022 in the initial search, 68 of which were selected as eligible for deeper investigation and response to the research questions.
Findings: This research indicate since adapting to the effects of climate change and resilience against environmental hazards requires a long-term perspective based on understanding nature.
Conclusion: applying the concept of the productive city as a nature-based approach, guaranteeing social regeneration, economic and ecological sustainability, and functional-spatial continuity of cities in facing the upcoming challenges and environmental hazards, and reduce the pressures on natural resources. Furthermore, this seems necessary in contemporary urban development plans.

Keywords

Productive city

Urban productivity

Productive urban planning

Nature city

Nature-based solution

Systematic Review

1. ICLEI, (2021). Iclei in the urban era our vision for a sustainable urban world, Retrieved 2021, April, from https://e-lib.iclei.org/publications/ICLEI_in_the_Urban_Era_2021.pdf
2. Sanjari, S., Zarabadi, Z.S. S. & Behzadfar, M. (2022). Analyzing the Concept of Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes (CPULs) Based on a Systematic Review. MANZAR, 14(60), 38-49.
3. Davis, H. (2019). Working Cities: Architecture, Place and Production. Routledge.
4. Kissinger, M., & Rees, W. (2010). An interregional ecological approach for modelling sustainability in a globalizing world—Reviewing existing approaches and emerging directions. Ecological Modelling, 221(21), 2615–2623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2010.07.003
5. Galli, A., Iha, K., Moreno Pires, S., Mancini, M. S., Alves, A., Zokai, G., Lin, D., Murthy, A., & Wackernagel, M. (2020). Assessing the Ecological Footprint and biocapacity of Portuguese cities: Critical results for environmental awareness and local management. Cities, 96, Retrieved from, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.102442
6. Ortega-Montoya, C. Y., & Johari, A. (2020). Urban Ecological Footprints. In W. Leal Filho, A. Marisa Azul, L. Brandli,P. Gökçin Özuyar, & T. Wall (Eds.), Sustainable Cities and Communities (pp. 812–824). Springer International Publishing. Retrieved from, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95717-3_76
7. Moore, J., Kissinger, M., & Rees, W. (2013). An urban metabolism and ecological footprint assessment of Metro Vancouver. Journal of Environmental Management, 124, 51–61. Retrieved from, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.03.00
8. Hachaichi, M., & Baouni, T. (2020). Downscaling the planetary boundaries (Pbs) framework to city scale-level:De-risking MENA region’s environment future. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, 5, 100023. Retrieved from, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indic.2020.100023
9. Atanasova, N., Castellar, J. A., Pineda-Martos, R., Nika, C. E., Katsou, E., Istenič, D. & Langergraber, G. (2021). Nature-based solutions and circularity in cities. Circular Economy and Sustainability, 1(1), 319-332.
10. Vigier, Marie and Ouellet-Plamondon, Claudiane M. and Spiliotopoulou, Maria and Moore, Jennie and Rees, William E., To What Extent is Sustainability Addressed at Urban Scale and How Aligned is it with Earth's Carrying Capacity? Retrieved from, https://ssrn.com/abstract=4075713 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4075713
11. Roggema, R., Tillie, N., & Keeffe, G. (2021). Nature-based urbanization: scan opportunities, determine directions and create inspiring ecologies. Land, 10(6), 651.
12. Jennings, V., & Bamkole, O. (2019). The relationship between social cohesion and urban green space: An avenue for health promotion. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(3), 452.
13. Cohen-Shacham, E., Andrade, A., Dalton, J., Dudley, N., Jones, M., Kumar, C., ... & Walters, G. (2019). Core principles for successfully implementing and upscaling Nature-based Solutions. Environmental Science & Policy, 98, 20-29.
14. Bush, J., & Doyon, A. (2019). Building urban resilience with nature-based solutions: How can urban planning contribute? Cities, 95, 102483.
15. Roggema, R. (2021). From Nature-based to nature-driven: landscape first for the design of Moeder Zernike in Groningen. Sustainability, 13(4), 2368.
16. Moher, D. liberati a, Tetzlaff J, altman Dg; (2009). The PrisMa group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and Metaanalyses: The PrisMa statement. bMJ, 339, b2535.
17. Moher, D., Shamseer, L., Clarke, M., Ghersi, D., Liberati, A., Petticrew, M., ... & Stewart, L. A. (2015). Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Systematic reviews, 4(1), 1-9.
18. Novy, J. (2022). Getting back into the" business of making things". On the promise and perils of the" productive city". European Journal of Spatial Development, 19(2), 1-12.
19. Spiliotopoulou, M., & Roseland, M. (2022a). Urban sustainability via urban productivity? A conceptual review and framework proposal. Local Environment, 27(2), 177-196.
20. Eskandari, N., Zarabadi, Z. S. S., & Habib, F. (2022). Explaining the Stimuli Affecting the Fragility of Metropolises with the Approach of Structural Analysis (Case Study: The Metropolitan City of Tehran). Journal of Geography and Environmental Hazards. doi: 10.22067/geoeh.2022.78066.1263.
21. Eskandari, N., Zarabadi, Z., & Habib, F. (2021). A Systematic Review of the Fragile City Concept. International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development, 11(4), 29-40. doi: 10.30495/ijaud.2021.18451.
22. Spiliotopoulou, M., & Roseland, M. (2020). Theories and concepts influencing sustainable community development: introducing the concept of community productivity. In Research handbook on community development (pp. 337-347). Edward Elgar Publishing.
23. Mang, P., Haggard, B., & Regenesis. (2016). Regenerative development and design: a framework for evolving sustainability.
24. Spiliotopoulou, M. (2019). Sustainable community development through the conceptual lens of productivity, (published doctoral dissertation). Simon Fraser University, Canada.
25. Hasan, N. A. (2020). The spatial organization strategies of productive cities. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 881, No. 1, p. 012021). IOP Publishing.
26. Keeffe, G., & Roggema, R. (2020). Born, not Made. Designing the Productive City. In Designing Sustainable Cities (pp. 29-52). Springer, Cham.
27. Van Arkel, S. (2018). The Urban Manufactory: From the Post-Industrial City to the Productive City.
28. UN-Habitat. (2016). THE CITY WE NEED 2.0: Towards a New Urban Paradigm. Retrieved from, http://worldurbancampaign.org/city-we-need
29. Geissdoerfer, M., Savaget, P., Bocken, N.M.P., Hultink, E.J., (2017). The Circular Economy – A new sustainability paradigm? J. Clean. Prod. 143, 757–768. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.048.
30. McDonough, W., & Braungart, M. (2013). The upcycle: Beyond sustainability--designing for abundance, Macmillan.
31. Glasco, J. (2019). Retrieved 2019, Jul 23, from https://hub.beesmart.city/en/strategy/the-circular-economy-and-smart-city-solutions
32. Roseland, M., & Spiliotopoulou, M. (2017). Sustainable community planning and development. In Encyclopedia of sustainable technologies (pp. 53-61). Elsevier.
33. Spiliotopoulou, M., & Roseland, M. (2022b). Sustainability planning, implementation, and assessment in cities: how can productivity enhance these processes? Discover Sustainability, 3(1), 1-19.
34. Europan Europe (2017a) Europan 14: productive cities 1, Retrieved from http://www.europan-europe.eu/ https://www.europan-europe.eu/en/session/europan-15/results
35. Sanjari, S., Zarabadi, Z. S. S., & Behzadfar, M. (2022). Aanalyzing Dimensions and Components of CPULs A new Approach to Sustainable Development of Urban Landscapes According to a Systematic Review. Urban Planning Knowledge, 6(2), 1-24. doi: 10.22124/upk.2022.21706.1772
36. Europan 15, Rotterdam, (2019). Transforming the Productive City, ed M Zoeteman (Netherlands: Stichting Europan NL), pp 8-9 & pp13-16.
37. عالم تبریز، اکبر. (1372). عوامل موثر در رشد بهره وری. مطالعات مدیریت (بهبود و تحول)، 3(9)، 69-93.
38. Spiliotopoulou, M. (2021). Sustainable community development through the conceptual lens of productivity (Doctoral dissertation), Environment: School of Resource and Environmental Management.
39. Cavalieri, C. & Corte, M. & Sega, R., (2015). Productive ecologies: Redefining the centrality and marginality of the city-territory.
40. Sega, R. (2018). Towards a Productive Mesh of the European City-Territory. In The horizontal metropolis between urbanism and urbanization (pp. 313-320). Springer, Cham. Retrieved from https://toposmagazine.com/productive-cities-topic-of-the-europan-14/
41. Spiliotopoulou, M., & Roseland, M. (2021). Making the SDGs Relevant for Cities: Using the Community Capital Tool in British Columbia. In D. Abraham & S. Iyer (Eds.), Promoting the Sustainable Development Goals in North American Cities: Case Studies & Best Practices in the science of sustainability indicators. Springer.
42. Begin, G. V. & Zimmermann, M. (2015). ICLEI Seoul Strategic Plan 2015-2021- building a world of local actions for a sustainable urban future: ed M Woodbridge (Germany: ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability e.V.), P 4, p 5 & p 27.
43. Klouche, D., (2016). Point of view: building the productive metropolis Productive Cities- Europan14 Theme ed Europan Europe, (Paris, France: Europan Europe), p 6.
44. Kennedy, C., Stewart, I., Facchini, A., Cersosimo, I., Mele, R., Chen, B., Uda, M.,Kansal, A., Chiu, A., Kim, K. G., Dubeux, C., La Rovere, E. L., Cunha, B., Pincetl,S., Keirstead, J., Barles, S., Pusaka, S., Gunawan, J., Adegbile, M., & Sahin, A.D. (2015). Energy and material flows of megacities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112(19), 5985–5990. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1504315112
45. Girardet, H. (2015). Creating regenerative cities. New York: Routledge.
46. Thomson, G., & Newman, P. (2018). Urban fabrics and urban metabolism – from sustainable to regenerative cities. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 132,218229. Retrieved from, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.01.010
47. Mang, P., & Reed, B. (2019). Regenerative Development and Design. Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, 1–28. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2493-6_303-4
48. Quednau, R., (2016). Retrieved, January 15, 2016, from, https://www.strongtowns.org/journal/2016/1/12/whats-a-productive-place?rq=productive
49. WSP, (2018). Productive places boosting productivity through planning and design, Retrieved from, https://www.wsp.com/en-gb/campaigns/productive-places
50. Brown, A. M. B., & Roever, S. (2017). Enhancing productivity in the urban informal economy.
51. Venables, T., (2015). Retrieved from, https://www.theigc.org/reader/making-cities-work-for-development/urban-productivity-cities-in-the-developing-world-can-be-both-productive-and-liveable-places/
52. Urbact, (2021). More vibrant productive cities, Retrieved from, https://urbact.eu/nine-solutions-more-vibrant-productive-cities
53. Productive Cities, (2019). Europan 15 – Productive Cities 2 – Competition. Contest Wachers, Europan Norway, Retrieved 2019, May 9, from https://www.contestwatchers.com/europan-15-productive-cities-2-competition/
54.ICLEI, (2016). Local Governments for Sustainability, Retrieved from, https://e-lib.iclei.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/ICLEI-Brochure_Sept-2016_Final.pdf
55. Europan Europe, (2017b). Europan 14: productive cities 1, Retrieved from http://www.europan-europe.eu/
56. Johannes Novy, (2022b). Urban makers: why the city of the future needs to be productive, Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/urban-makers-why-the-city-of-the-future-needs-to-be-productive-163453
57. Karuri-Sebina, G. & Robinson, Sh. (2016). State of South African Cities Report ed K Davidso, (Johannesburg: South African Cities Network), Chapter 3 p 85 & p 122.
58. Khanna, P., (2017). Connected cities, productive cities, Mastercard International Incorporated, p 3.
59. State of Victoria, (2017). Melbourne 2017-2050, The State of Victoria department of environment, land, water and planning (DELWP), p 10, p 12 & pp24-40.
60. Diez, T., (2016). Locally productive, globally connected, self-sufficient cities, Fab city whitepaper. Retrieved from https://fab.city/documents/whitepaper.pdf
61. Orr, D. (2013). Governance in the long emergency. Retrieved from http://www.resilience.org/stories/2013-05-14/governance-in-the-long-emergency
62. Productive Urbanism, (2022), Retrieved from, https://productiveurbanism.com/about/
63. Fahmy, B. & Kamiya, M. (2019). Productive urban development: linking planning and economy in al-alamein new city, Egypt New Cities and Community Extensions in Egypt and the Middle East, eds S Attia et al, Cham, Springer, Chapter 2 p 21.
64. Humboldt, (2020). Edible Cities Network Integrating Edible City Solutions for social resilient and sustainably productive cities, Funded under Societal Challenges, Climate action, Environment, Resource Efficiency and Raw Materials. Retrieved from, https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/776665.
65. Chu, J. (2022). " Xiangcun", As A Landscape Productivity: Sustainable Countryside for Urban-rural Integration in the Greater Bay Area.
66. Woo, F., Wortmann, J., Schurig, S., & Leidreiter, A. (2014). Regenerative Urban Development: A Roadmap to the City.
67. Anne Borrel, (2022). Productive cities, the cities of tomorrow? Retrieved 2022, June 14, from https://www.bouygues-construction.com/blog/en/dossier-special/ville-productive-ville-demain/
68. Valeria Fedeli, (2022). Making ground. (Re) assembling the productive city handbook, URL (Uniform Resource Locator), Retrieved from, https://www.espon.eu/sites/default/files/attachments/Re-assemblingthe productive city Handbook.pdf