Understanding Lived Experience of urban Cycling in Tehran (A Collaborative Auto-ethnography)

Document Type : Original Research

Authors

1 PhD Student

2 University of Tehran

Abstract
There have been numerous studies conducted in urban studies dealing with the issue of pedestrians’ collective life. However, there is a dramatic scarcity of the research on bicycling, most of which have focused on the subjects of traffic engineering, urban planning, policies and health. Few studies have taken the subjects of social sciences and urban anthropology. In addition, the majority of research on cycling have produced a largely quantitative methodological tool kit. The studies which are based on quantitative and positivistic approaches, have exclusively dealt with the contextual-spatial responses of the cyclists, including the design of the routes, the physical features, and so forth. The study of the lived experience of the cyclists in cities has been, therefore, essentially neglected. The present study, as a qualitative research, relies on auto-ethnography, to investigate the lived experience of the author, in the city of Tehran (as a car-dominated city). The current research paper illustrates the lived experience of cycling in Tehran under six primary topics (Represented Space versus Spatial Representations, Personalized City versus External Urban Network; Roaming on the Saddle; I Pedal, Therefore I Am; Triangle Phenomenon; Power Space and Spatial Resistances). The research concepts are elicited from my auto-ethnographical essays by implementing four existential life worlds: lived space (spatiality), lived body (corporeality), lived time (temporality), and lived relations (relationally).

Keywords

Subjects


1. Cresswell, T. (2006). On the move. Oxford, UK: Routledge.
2. Sheller, M., & Urry, J. (2006). The New Mobilities Paradigm. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 38(2), 207–226.
3. Hannam, Kevin, Mimi Sheller and John Urry (2006) Editorial: Mobilities, immobilities and moorings. Mobilities 1(1), 1–22.
4. Appadurai, Arjun, ed. (1986) The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5. Clifford, James and George Marcus (1986) Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
6. Jaffe, Rivke and Koning, Anouk. 2016. Introducing urban anthropology. London, New York: Routledge.
7. Vivanco, L. A. (2013). Reconsidering the bicycle: An anthropological perspective on a new (old) thing. New York: Routledge.
8. Urry, John (2007). Mobilities. Cambridge, UK: Polity.
9. Vannini, P. (2009) The cultures of alternative mobilities: routes less travelled. Farnham: Ashgate.
10. Vannini, P. (2012) Fairy tales: Mobility, place, and time on Canada's west coast. New York: Routledge.
11. Jensen, Ole B. 2009. “Foreword: Mobilities as Culture.” In Cultures of Alternative Mobilities: Routes Less Traveled, edited by Philip Vannini, xv–xix. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing.
12. Ingold, T. (2011) The Perception of the Environment: Essays on Livelihood, Dwelling and Skill London: Routledge.
13. D'Andrea, A., Ciolfi, L. and Gray, B. (2011) 'Methodological Challenges and Innovations in Mobilities Research'. Mobilities 6 (2), 149-160.
14. Urry, J. (2003) Global Complexity (Cambridge: Polity Press).
15. Verstraete G, 2004, ``Technological frontiers and the politics of mobility in the European :union:'', in Uprootings/Regroundings: Questions of Home and Migration Eds S Ahmed, C Castaneda, AM Fortier, M Sheller (Berg, New York) pp 225 ^ 250
16. Kaplan C, 2006, ``Mobility and war: the cosmic views of US `air power''' Environment and Planning A 38 395 ^ 407
17. Fallon Mayers, Rebecca & D. Glover, Troy (2019) Whose Lane Is It Anyway? The Experience of Cycling in a Mid-Sized City, Leisure Sciences
18. Spinney, J. 2009. “Cycling the City: Movement, Meaning and Method.” Geography Compass 3 (2): 817–835.
19. Pucher, John, Ralph Buehler, and Mark Seinen. 2011. “Bicycling Renaissance in North America? An Update and Reappraisal of Cycling Trends and Policies.” Transportation Research Part A 45 (2011): 451–475.
20. Mapes, J. (2009). Pedaling revolution: How cyclists are changing American cities. Pedaling Revolution: How Cyclists Are Changing American Cities.
21. Aldred, R. (2013) Who are Londoners on Bikes and what do they want? Negotiating identity and issue definition in a ‘pop-up’ cycle campaign, Journal of Transport Geography, Vol. 30, pp. 194-201
22. Lanzendorf, Martin & Busch-Geertsema, Annika. (2014). The cycling boom in large German cities—Empirical evidence for successful cycling campaigns. Transport Policy. 36. 26–33.
23. Koglin, T. (2015a) Vélomobility and the politics of transport planning. GeoJournal, Vol. 80, pp. 569-586.
24. Koglin, T. (2015b) Organisation does matter – planning for cycling in Stockholm and Copenhagen. Transport Policy, Vol. 39, pp. 55-62.
25. Pucher, J. & Buehler, R. (2009) Sustainable Transport that Works: Lessons from Germany, World Transport Policy & Practice, Vol 15, pp 13-46
26. Pucher, J. & Buehler, R. (eds.) (2012) City Cycling. The MIT Press, Cambridge.
27. Van Manen M. (1997) Researching lived experience. Human science for an action sensitive pedagogy. Albany: State University of New York Press; 1990.
28. Crane, R, and Crepeau, R. (1998). Does neighborhood design influence travel? A behavioral analysis of travel diary and GIS data. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 3: 225-238.
29. Tilahun, Nebiyou & Levinson, David & Krizek, Kevin. (2007). Trails, lanes, or traffic: Valuing bicycle facilities with an adaptive stated preference survey. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. 41. 287-301.
30. Clayton, W., & Musselwhite, C. (2013). Exploring changes to cycle infrastructure to improve the experience of cycling for families. Journal of Transport Geography, 33, 54-61.
31. Dill, J., and Carr, T. (2003). Bicycle commuting and facilities in major US cities: if you build them, commuters will use them. Transportation Research Record 1828, pp. 116–123.
32. Koglin, T., and T. Rye. 2014. “The Marginalisation of Bicycling in Modernist Urban Transport Planning.” Journal of Transport & Health 1 (4): 214–22.
33. Buehler, R. & Pucher, J. (2011) Sustainable Transport in Freiburg: Lessons from Germany’s Environmental Capital. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, Vol. 5, pp.43–70.
34. Koglin, T. (2013) Vélomobility – A critical perspective on planning and space. Doctoral Dissertation, Lund University, Department of Technology and society, Transport and Roads, 2013, Bulletin 284.
35. Pucher, J and Dijkstra, L (2003): Promoting Safe Walking and Cycling to Improve Public Health: Lessons from The Netherlands and Germany American Journal of Public Health 93, 1509_1516.
36. British Medical Association (1992), Cycling Towards Health and Safety (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
37. Hillman, M. (1993), Cycle Helmets: The Case for and Against (London: Policy Studies Institute).
38. McCarthy, D. 2011. ““I”m a Normal Person.” Urban Studies 48 (7): 1439–55.
39. Willis, D.P., K. Manaugh, and A. El-Geneidy. 2015. “Cycling under Influence: Summarizing the Influence of Perceptions, Attitudes, Habits, and Social Environments on Cycling for Transportation.” International Journal of Sustainable Transportation 9 (8): 565–79.
40. Spinney, J. 2008. “Cycling between the Traffic: Mobility, Identity and Space.” Urban Design Journal108:28–30.
41. Bosselmann, P. 2007. Images in Motion. edited by M. Carmona and S. Tiesdell, Oxford: Routledge.
42. Gehl, J. 2011. Life between Buildings: Using Public Space. Washington, DC: Island Press.
43. Jeong, Dong Yeong & Kwahk, Jiyoung & Han, Sung & Park, Joohwan & Lee, Mingyu & Jang, Hyeji. (2018). A pedestrian experience framework to help identify impediments to walking by mobility-challenged pedestrians. Journal of Transport & Health.
44. Middleton, J. 2010. “Sense and the City: Exploring the Embodied Geographies of Urban Walking.” Social and Cultural Geography 11 (6): 575–96.
45. Manton, R., H. Rau, F. Fahy, J. Sheahan, and E. Clifford. 2016. “Using Mental Mapping to Unpack Perceived Cycling Risk.” Accident Analysis and Prevention 88: 138–49. Elsevier Ltd.
46. Spinney, Justin. 2007. “Cycling the City: Non-Place and the Sensory Construction of Meaning in Mobile Practice.” In Cycling and Society, edited by Dave Horton, Peter Cox, and Paul Rosen, 25–45. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing.
47. Spinney, Justin (2010) Improvising rhythms: re-reading urban time and space through everyday practices of cycling. In, Edensor, Tim (ed.) Geographies of Rhythm: Nature, Place, Mobilities and Bodies. Basingstoke, GB. Ashgate, pp. 113-128.
48. George Liu, Sukanya Krishnamurthy & Pieter van Wesemael (2018): Conceptualizing cycling experience in urban design research: a systematic literature review, Applied Mobilities.
49. Stefansdottir, H. (2014). Atheoretical Perspective on how bicycle ommuters might experience aesthetic features of urban space. Juournal of urban design, 19(4), 496-510.
50. Koglin, T., and T. Rye. 2014. “The Marginalisation of Bicycling in Modernist Urban Transport Planning.” Journal of Transport & Health 1 (4): 214–22.
51. Willis, D.P., K. Manaugh, and A. El-Geneidy. 2015. “Cycling under Influence: Summarizing the Influence of Perceptions, Attitudes, Habits, and Social Environments on Cycling for Transportation.” International Journal of Sustainable Transportation 9 (8): 565–79.
52. Krizek, k & Johnson, p (2006) Proximity to Trails and Retail: Effects on Urban Cycling and Walking, Journal of the American Planning Association, 72:1, 33-42.
53. Parkin, J, Ryley, T and jones, T (2007). Barriers to Cycling: An Exploration of Quantitative Analyses Cycling and society, Routledge press. Chapter 3.
54. Parkin, J. (2009). Comparison of methods of assessing cycle routes, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Municipal Engineer 2009 162:1, 7-14.
55. Winters, M., Davidson, G., Kao, D., and Teschke, K. (2011). Motivators and deterrents of bicycling: comparing influences on decisions to ride. Transportation, 38(1), 153–168.
56. Spinney, J (2006). A Place of Sense: A Kinaesthetic Ethnography of Cyclists on Mont Ventoux. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space Vol. 24: 709 – 732
57. Larsen, J. 2014.'(Auto) Ethnography and cycling'. International journal of social research methodology, 17(1): 59-71.
58. Salazar, Noel B. & Smart, Alan. (2011). Anthropological Takes on (Im)Mobility. Identities. 18. i-ix.
59. Sefcik, Christina (2012). The Lund Way: Stories from the Bicycle.
60. Forsyth, A., and K. Krizek. 2011. “Urban Design: Is There a Distinctive View from the Bicycle?” Journal of Urban Design 16 (4): 531–49.
61. Hamilton-Baillie, B. (2004). Urban design: Why don’t we do it in the road? Modifying traffic behavior through legible urban design. Journal of Urban Technology, 11(1), 43–62.
62. Latham, A., and Wood, P. R. (2015). Inhabiting infrastructure: exploring the interactional spaces of urban cycling. Environment and Planning A, 47(2), 300–319.
63. Saelens, B. E., Sallis, J. F., & Frank, L. D. (2003). Environmental correlates of walking and cycling: Findings from the transportation, urban design, and planning literatures. Annals of Behavioral Medicine,25(2), 80–91.
64. Wang, Y., Chau, C. K., Ng, W. Y., and Leung, T. M. (2016). A review on the effects of physical built environment attributes on enhancing walking and cycling activity levels within residential neighborhoods.
65. Denzin, N. (2014) Interpretive autoethnography. 55 City Road, London: SAGE Publications.
66. Anderson, L. (2006) Analytic Autoethnography. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography,35(4),373–375
67. Ellis, C., T. E. Adams and A. P. Bochner. (2011) Autoethnography: An Overview. Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 12 (1): Art. 10.
68. Jones, S. H. (2005). Autoethnography: Making the Personal Political, in Handbook of Qualitative Research, 3rd ed., eds. Norman K. Denzin and Yvonna S. Lincoln, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage: 763–91.
69. Adams, T. E., Jones, S. H., & Ellis, C. (2015) Autoethnography: Understanding qualitative research. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
70. Ellis, C., & Bochner, A. P. (2000) Autoethnography, personal narrative, reflexivity: Researcher as subject.
71. Ellis, C. (2004) The ethnographic I: A methodological novel about autoethnography. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
72. Dethloff, Carl Henry (2005). A principal in transition: an autoethnography. Doctoral dissertation, Texas A&M University. Texas A&M University.
73. Chang, H. (2008) Autoethnography as Method. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast.
74. Chang, H., Ngunjiri, F. W., & Hernandez, K. C. (2013). Collaborative autoethnography. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.
75. von Eckartsberg, R. (1998). Existential-phenomenological research. In R. Valle (Ed.), Phenomenological inquiry in psychology: Existential and transpersonal dimensions (p. 21–61). Plenum Press.
76. Pernecky, T., Jamal, T. 2010. (Hermeneutic) Phenomenology in Tourism Studies. Annals of Tourism Research, 37(4): 1055-1075
77. Seamon, D. (2000). A way of seeing people and place: Phenomenology in environment-behavior research. In S. Wapner, J. Demick, T. Yamamoto, & H. Minami (Eds.), Theoretical perspectives in environment-behavior research: Underlying assumptions, research problems, and methodologies (p. 157–178). Kluwer Academic Publishers.
78. Lefebvre, H. (1993 [1974]) The Production of Space, trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith, Oxford: Blackwell.
79. Switzky, J. (2002) Riding to see, in: C. Carlsson (Ed.), Critical Mass, Bicycling’s Defiant Celebration, pp. 186–192 (Oakland: AK Press).
80. Kay, J. H. (1998) Asphalt Nation: How the Automobile Took over America, and How We Can Take It Back (Berkeley: University of California Press).
81. Urry, J, 1999, “Automobility, car culture and weightless travel: A discussion paper”, online papers of the Department of Sociology, Lancaster University, Lancaster.
82. Augé, M. (2008). Non-places: Introduction to an anthropology of supermodernity. London: Verso.
83. Merleau-Ponty, M. (2012) Phenomenology of Perception, trans. Landes, D.A. Abingdon and New York: Routledge.
84. Parvin Partovi. (2008) Phenomenology of place, cultural association, Tehran, 51-52.
85. Hillier, B. (1996). Space is the machine: A configurational theory of architecture. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Pres.
86. Matthews, E. (2002) The Philosophy of Merleau-Ponty, Chesham: Acumen
87. Ingold, Tim (2000). The Perception of the Environment: Essays on Livelihood, Dwelling & Skill. Routledge.
88. Conquergood, D. (1986). Between experience and meaning: Performance as paradigm for meaningful action. In T. Colson (Ed.), Renewal and revision: The future of interpretation (pp. 26–59). Denton, TX: Omega.
89. Rodaway, P. (1994), Sensuous Geographies: Body, sense and place (London: Routledge).
90. Ingold, T. and Kurttila, T. (2000), ‘Perceiving the environment in Finnish Lapland’, Body and Society 6(3–4), 183–196.
91. Moran, D. (2000) Introduction to Phenomenology, New York: Routledge.
92. Ingold, T. (2000), The Perception of the Environment: Essays in livelihood, dwelling and enskillment (London: Routledge).
93. Jones, Amelia. (1998). Body Art/performing the Subject. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
94. Merleau- ponty, M, Phenomenology of Perception (2005), Trans.C. Smith. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
95. Relph, Edward (2000), Geographical Experiences and Being – in – the – World: The Phenomenological Origins of Geography, In: David Seamon and Robert Mugerauer.
96. Turner, Victor (1985). On the edge of the bush, anthropology as experience. The university of Arizona Press.
97. Donald, James. (1999). Imagining The Modern City. Bibliovault OAI Repository, the University of Chicago Press.
98. Soja, E. W. (2000). Postmetropolis: Critical studies of cities and regions. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
99. Cherubini, Bernard. 1995. L’ambiance urbaine: un défi pour l’écriture ethnographique. Journal des anthropologues 61-62: 79-87
100. Freud, Sigmund. 2001. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. James Strachey. Vol. 13, 1937-1939. London: Vintage.
101. Lefebvre, H. (1991) The Production of Space. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
102. de Certeau, M. (1984) The Practices of Everyday Life. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
103. Debord, G. (1967) La Societé du spectacle. Paris: Buchet-Chastel.
104. Urry, J. (2004), ‘The “System” of Automobility’, Theory, Culture and Society 21(4 5), 25 39.
105. Featherstone, M. (2004) Automobilities. An introduction, Theory, Culture & Society, 21(4/5), pp. 1–24.
106. Hagman, O. (2006) Morning queues and parking problems. On the broken promises of the automobile, Mobilities, 1(1), pp. 63–74.
107. Simmel, G., & Wolff, K. H. (1969). The sociology of Georg Simmel. New York: Free Press.
108. Goffman, E. (1959). Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Garden City, Anchor Books.
109. Habibi, M (2000). Civil society and urban life. Honar-ha-ye Ziba, 7(0), 21-33.
110. Bakhtin, Mikhail (1984) Problems of Dostoevsky’s Poetics. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
111. Singer, Milton. 1984. Man’s glassy essence: Explorations in semiotic anthropology. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
112. Carlson, Marvin, Performance – A Critical Introduction. London: Routledge, 1996.
113. Conquergood, Dwight. (2002). Performance Studies: Interventions and Radical Research1. Tdr-the Drama Review-a Journal of Performance Studies. 46. 145-156.