مرور نظام‌مند ابعاد روانشناختی آسایش حرارتی مرتبط با مکان های شهری

نوع مقاله : مروری سیستماتیک

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری شهرسازی، دانشکده هنر، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران

2 استادیار گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده هنر، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران

3 استاد گروه معماری، دانشکده هنر، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران

چکیده
بیان مساله: دانش بیشتر در زمینه ابعاد موثر بر آسایش حرارتی در فضای باز، می‌تواند به طراحان شهری در اثرگذاری جهت تقویت تجربه مکان های شهری کمک کند. درک چرایی پاسخ های انسانی به محرّک حرارتی نیازمند شناخت دقیق تر عوامل و فرآیند های مؤثر بر آسایش حرارتی است. در این زمینه، علاوه بر تاثیر عوامل عینی، لازم است نسبت به فرایند های ذهنی شناخت صورت گیرد. در دو دهه اخیر پژوهش های متعددی مبتنی بر چارچوب سازگاری حرارتی به ابعاد روانشناختی آسایش حرارتی در فضای باز پرداخته اند. تنوع عوامل روانشناختی مؤثر و گستردگی اطلاعات پژوهش های نمونه موردی نیازمند مرور جامع در جهت استنباط نظری و تبدیل آنها به مفهوم سازی هایی ساختار‌یافته تر است. از طرفی، مرور پژوهش ها در زمینه ابعاد روانشناختی تجربه حرارتی در فضای باز نشان دهنده ارتباط ضعیف با نظریه های پایه روانشناسی محیطی در زمینه مربوطه است.

هدف: هدف این مطالعه مرور جامع یافته های پژوهشی در زمینه ابعاد روانشناختی مؤثر بر آسایش حرارتی متأثر از تجربه مکان های شهری و ایجاد پیوند میان شواهد در حوزه تأثیرات روانشناختی آسایش حرارتی در فضای باز و مفاهیم نظری روانشناسی محیطی بوده است.

روش: چارچوب مفهومی پیشنهادی ساختاری متشکل از پارامتر های تجربه حرارتی لحظه ای و عوامل موثر بر آن ارائه می دهد و هدایت کننده و سازمان دهنده این مطالعه مروری است. جستجوی مقالات بر اساس کلمات کلیدی مستخرج از مبانی نظری انجام شد. و نهایتاً 28 مقاله به صورت تفصیلی مرور گردید و یافته های پژوهشی استخراج شده در قالب بخش بندی موضوعی مدل مفهومی شامل تجربه بلند مدت، تجربه کوتاه مدت، محیط های ترمیم کننده و تعامل فرد- محیط حرارتی تقسیم بندی شد.

یافته ها و نتیجه گیری: یافته های پژوهشی در قالب جداول، به تفکیک زیر بخش های مفهومی، در تطبیق با مفاهیم نظری قرار گرفته و بر اساس مقایسه با مفاهیم نظری مرتبط مورد بحث قرار گرفتند.

مرور پژوهش ها نشان دهنده تأثیر عوامل شناختی حاصل از تجربه بلند مدت (پیوند میان شرایط حرارتی و مشخصات فضایی-مکانی در حافظه، ترجیحات و نگرش ها در ارتباط با تجربه حرارتی در فضا های شهری، و حسّ مکان، به عنوان نگرش فرد معطوف به مکان)، تجربه کوتاه مدت (تأثیر محیط حرارتی تجربه شده در کوتاه مدت و مدت زمان حضور در معرض محیط باز، تأثیرپذیری های احساسی کوتاه مدت و خستگی ذهنی)، محیط های ترمیم کننده (ویژگی‌های ترمیم‌کننده فیزیکی و عملکردی و محبوبیت مکان نزد فرد) و تعامل موقعیتی فرد-محیط حرارتی (تناسب با نیاز ها/اهداف و انتظارات و امکان کنترل) بر آسایش حرارتی در فضای باز است. همچنین، حاصل پژوهش نشان می دهد مفاهیم نظری روانشناسی محیطی در حوزه شناختی می توانند به انسجام بخشی مفاهیم، توضیح مشاهدات و هدایت مطالعات پژوهشی پیش‌رو در زمینه تأثیرات روانشناختی بر آسایش حرارتی کمک کنند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


[1] M. Nikolopoulou, N. Baker, K. Steemers, Thermal comfort in urban spaces: different forms of adaptation, in: Proc. REBUILD 1999 Shap. Our Cities 21st Century, barcelona, 1999.
[2] R. De Dear, G.S. Brager, Developing an adaptive model of thermal comfort and preference, ASHRAAE Trans. 104 (1998).
[3] M. Nikolopoulou, K. Steemers, Thermal comfort and psychological adaptation as a guide for designing urban spaces, Energy Build. 35 (2003) 95–101. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7788(02)00084-1.
[4] I. Knez, Attachment and identity as related to a place and its perceived climate, J. Environ. Psychol. 25 (2005) 207–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVP.2005.03.003.
[5] J. Yin, Y. Zheng, R. Wu, J. Tan, D. Ye, W. Wang, An analysis of influential factors on outdoor thermal comfort in summer, Int. J. Biometeorol. 56 (2012) 941–948. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-011-0503-9.
[6] S. Shooshtarian, Theoretical Dimension of Outdoor Thermal Comfort Research, Sustain. Cities Soc. (2019). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101495.
[7] A.S. of H.R. and A.-C.E. ASHRAE, ASHRAE Standard 55 – Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy, ASHRAE, Atlanta, 1992.
[8] L.F. Barrett, christine D. Wilson-mendenhall, lawrence W. Barsalou, The Conceptual Act Theory: A Roadmap, in: L.F. Barrett, J.A. Russell (Eds.), Psychol. Constr. Emot., The Guilford Press, New York, 2015: pp. 83–110.
[9] I. Knez, S. Thorsson, I. Eliasson, F. Lindberg, Psychological mechanisms in outdoor place and weather assessment: towards a conceptual model, Int. J. Biometeorol. 53 (2009) 101–111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-008-0194-z.
[10] D. Canter, The Facets of Place, in: G.T. Moore, R.W. Marans (Eds.), Towar. Integr. Theory, Methods, Res. Util., Springer US, Boston, MA, 1997: pp. 109–147. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4425-5_4.
[11] D. Canter, The psychology of place, Architectural Press, London, 1977.
[12] G.R. VandenBos, APA Dictionary of Psychology, Second edi, American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, 2015.
[13] T.J. Sussman, J. Jin, A. Mohanty, Top-down and bottom-up factors in threat-related perception and attention in anxiety, Biol. Psychol. 121 (2016) 160–172. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.08.006.
[14] F.H. Allport, Theories of perception and the concept of structure, Wiley, New York, 1955.
[15] T. Brosch, K.R. Scherer, D. Grandjean, D. Sander, The impact of emotion on perception, attention, memory, and decision-making, Swiss Med. Wkly. 2013 19. 143 (2013). https://doi.org/10.4414/SMW.2013.13786.
[16] R.L. Gregory, The intelligent eye., Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1970.
[17] A. Moors, Appraisal Theory of Emotion, in: V. Zeigler-Hill, T.K. Shackelford (Eds.), Encycl. Personal. Individ. Differ., Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2017: pp. 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_493-1.
[18] H. Leventhal, K. Scherer, The Relationship of Emotion to Cognition: A Functional Approach to a Semantic Controversy, Http://Dx.Doi.Org/10.1080/02699938708408361. 1 (2008) 3–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699938708408361.
[19] K.R. Scherer, Unconscious Processes in Emotion: The Bulk of the Iceberg., in: P.M. Niedenthal, L. Feldman‐Barrett, P. Winkielman (Eds.), Emot. Consciousness., The Guilford Press, New York, NY, US, 2005: pp. 312–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2007.01.005.
[20] K.R. Scherer, The dynamic architecture of emotion: Evidence for the component process model, Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/02699930902928969. 23 (2009) 1307–1351. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930902928969.
[21] K.R. Scherer, T. Brosch, Culture‐specific appraisal biases contribute to emotion dispositions:, Https://Doi.Org/10.1002/per.714. 23 (2009) 265–288. https://doi.org/10.1002/PER.714.
[22] T. Brosch, D. Sander, G. Pourtois, K.R. Scherer, Beyond fear: Rapid spatial orienting toward positive emotional stimuli: Research article, Psychol. Sci. 19 (2008) 362–370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02094.x.
[23] O. Potchter, P. Cohen, T.-P. Lin, A. Matzarakis, Outdoor human thermal perception in various climates: A comprehensive review of approaches, methods and quantification, Sci. Total Environ. 631–632 (2018) 390–406. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.276.
[24] E. m Glaser, The Physiological Basis of Habituation, Oxford University Press, london, 1966.
[25] R.F. Thompson, W.A. Spencer, Habituation: a model phenomenon for the study of neuronal substrates of behavior., Psychol. Rev. 73 (1966) 16.
[26] R. de Dear, Revisiting an old hypothesis of human thermal perception: alliesthesia, Build. Res. Inf. 39 (2011) 108–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2011.552269.
[27] M. Cabanac, Physiological role of pleasure., Science. 173 (1971) 1103–1107. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.173.4002.1103.
[28] J. Spagnolo, R. de Dear, A field study of thermal comfort in outdoor and semi-outdoor environments in subtropical Sydney Australia, Build. Environ. 38 (2003) 721–738. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1323(02)00209-3.
[29] M. Schweiker, K. Schakib-Ekbatan, X. Fuchs, S. Becker, A seasonal approach to alliesthesia. Is there a conflict with thermal adaptation?, Energy Build. 212 (2020) 109745. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENBUILD.2019.109745.
[30] D.J. Sanderson, D.M. Bannerman, Competitive Short-Term and Long-Term Memory Processes in Spatial Habituation, J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process. 37 (2011) 189. https://doi.org/10.1037/A0021461.
[31] P.H. Rosenberger, R. Kerns, P. Jokl, J.R. Ickovics, Mood and Attitude Predict Pain Outcomes Following Arthroscopic Knee Surgery, Ann. Behav. Med. 37 (2009) 70–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12160-008-9078-Z.
[32] K.R. Scherer, What are emotions? And how can they be measured?, Soc. Sci. Inf. Inf. Sur Les Sci. Soc. 44 (2016) 695–729. https://doi.org/10.1177/0539018405058216.
[33] S.J. Breckler, Empirical validation of affect, behavior, and cognition as distinct components of attitude, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 47 (1984) 1191–1205. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.47.6.1191.
[34] gordon Alport, The nature of prejudice, Addison-Wesley, Oxford, England, 1954.
[35] B.S. Jorgensen, R.C. Stedman, SENSE OF PLACE AS AN ATTITUDE: LAKESHORE OWNERS ATTITUDES TOWARD THEIR PROPERTIES, J. Environ. Psychol. 21 (2001) 233–248. https://doi.org/10.1006/JEVP.2001.0226.
[36] I. Altman, S.M. Low, Place attachment. A conceptual inquiry, Plenum Press, New York, 1992.
[37] T. Hartig, M. Mang, Restorative Effects of Natural Environment Experiences:, Http://Dx.Doi.Org/10.1177/0013916591231001. 23 (2016) 3–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916591231001.
[38] S. Kaplan, The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework, J. Environ. Psychol. 15 (1995) 169–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-4944(95)90001-2.
[39] K. Korpela, T. Hartig, RESTORATIVE QUALITIES OF FAVORITE PLACES, J. Environ. Psychol. 16 (1996) 221–233. https://doi.org/10.1006/JEVP.1996.0018.
[40] L. Menatti, M. Subiza-Pérez, A. Villalpando-Flores, L. Vozmediano, C. San Juan, Place attachment and identification as predictors of expected landscape restorativeness, J. Environ. Psychol. 63 (2019) 36–43. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2019.03.005.
[41] H. Ramkissoon, F.T. Mavondo, The satisfaction–place attachment relationship: Potential mediators and moderators, J. Bus. Res. 68 (2015) 2593–2602. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JBUSRES.2015.05.002.
[42] A.R. Wagner, SOP: A model of automatic memory processing in animal behavior, in: N.E. Spear, R.R. Miller (Eds.), Inf. Process. Anim. Mem. Mech., Erlbaum Inc, Hillsdale, NJ, 1981: pp. 5–47.
[43] E.I. Knudsen, Fundamental Components of Attention, Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 30 (2007) 57–78. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.30.051606.094256.
[44] R. Thompson, Habituation, Int. Encycl. Soc. Behav. Sci. (2001) 6458–6462. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/03639-1.
[45] W.N. Frost, E. V. Megalou, Learning and Memory in Invertebrate Models: Tritonia, Encycl. Neurosci. (2009) 401–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-008045046-9.00805-6.
[46] W. Hofmann, L. Van Dillen, Desire: The new hot spot in self-control research., Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 21 (2012) 317–322. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721412453587.
[47] W. Hofmann, M. Friese, F. Strack, Impulse and Self-Control From a Dual-Systems Perspective, Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 4 (2009) 162–176. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01116.x.
[48] W. Hofmann, T.D. Wilson, Consciousness, introspection, and the adaptive unconscious, in: B. Gawronski, B.K. Payne (Eds.), Handb. Implicit Soc. Cogn. Meas. Theory, Appl., Guilford, New York, 2010: pp. 197–215.
[49] B.J. Baars, S. Franklin, How conscious experience and working memory interact, Trends Cogn. Sci. 7 (2003) 166–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(03)00056-1.
[50] S.E. Hobfoll, Conservation of resources. A new attempt at conceptualizing stress., Am. Psychol. 44 (1989) 513–524.
[51] S.E. Hobfoll, J.R. Freedy, B.L. Green, S.D. Solomon, Coping in reaction to extreme stress: The roles of resource loss and resource availability., in: M. Zeidner, n. s Endler (Eds.), Handb. Coping Theory, Res. Appl., John Wiley & Sons, Oxford, England, 1996: pp. 322–349.
[52] H.W. Krohne, Stress and Coping Theories, in: N.J. Smelser, P.B.B.T.-I.E. of the S.& B.S. Baltes (Eds.), Int. Encycl. Soc. Behav. Sci., Pergamon, Oxford, 2001: pp. 15163–15170. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/03817-1.
[53] E.B. Goldstein, Introduction to cognitive psychology, in: Cogn. Psychol. Connect. Mind, Res. Everyday Exp., 3rd ed., Cengage Learning, Australia, 2014.
[54] G.R. VandenBos, APA dictionary of psychology., second, American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, 2007.
[55] B.L. Fredrickson, Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well-being., Prev. Treat. 3 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1037/1522-3736.3.1.31A.
[56] B.L. Fredrickson, The Role of Positive Emotions in Positive Psychology: The Broaden-and-Build Theory of Positive Emotions, Am. Psychol. 56 (2001) 218. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218.
[57] S.J. Lepore, G.W. Evans, Coping with Multiple Stressors in the Environment, in: M. Zeidner, N.S. Endler (Eds.), Handb. Coping Theory, Res. Appl., John Wiley & Sons, 1996: pp. 350–377.
[58] R. Berto, The Role of Nature in Coping with Psycho-Physiological Stress: A Literature Review on Restorativeness, Behav. Sci. (Basel). 4 (2014) 394. https://doi.org/10.3390/BS4040394.
[59] R. Kaplan, S. Kaplan, The experience of nature: A psychological perspective, Cambridge university press, 1989.
[60] R.S. Ulrich, Aesthetic and Affective Response to Natural Environment, in: I. Altman, J.F. Wohlwill (Eds.), Behav. Nat. Environ., Plenum, New York, 1983: pp. 85–125.
[61] A.M. Weber, J. Trojan, The Restorative Value of the Urban Environment: A Systematic Review of the Existing Literature, Environ. Health Insights. 12 (2018) 1178630218812805. https://doi.org/10.1177/1178630218812805.
[62] M.A.P. Galindo, M.A.C. Hidalgo, Aesthetic preferences and the attribution of meaning: Environmental categorization processes in the evaluation of urban scenes, Int. J. Psychol. 40 (2005) 19–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207590444000104.
[63] P.J. Lindal, T. Hartig, Effects of urban street vegetation on judgments of restoration likelihood, Urban For. Urban Green. 14 (2015) 200–209. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2015.02.001.
[64] M.C. Hidalgo, R. Berto, M.P. Galindo, A. Getrevi, Identifying attractive and unattractive urban places: categories, restorativeness and aesthetic attributes, Medio Ambient. y Comport. Hum. 7 (2006) 115–133.
[65] H. Nordh, K. Østby, Pocket parks for people – A study of park design and use, Urban For. Urban Green. 12 (2013) 12–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.UFUG.2012.11.003.
[66] C. Ostroff, T.A. Judge, Multiple perspectives of fit in organizations across levels of analysis Ostroff, C., Judge, in: C. Ostroff, T.A. Judge (Eds.), Perspect. Organ. Fit, Psychology Press, New York, 2007.
[67] J.R. Edwards, C.L. Cooper, The person‐environment fit approach to stress: Recurring problems and some suggested solutions, J. Organ. Behav. 11 (1990) 293–307. https://doi.org/10.1002/JOB.4030110405.
[68] B. Kuzmanovic, A. Jefferson, G. Bente, K. Vogeley, Affective and motivational influences in person perception, Front. Hum. Neurosci. 0 (2013) 266. https://doi.org/10.3389/FNHUM.2013.00266/BIBTEX.
[69] E. Balcetis, D. Dunning, See what you want to see: motivational influences on visual perception, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 91 (2006) 612–625. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.4.612.
[70] T. V. Salomons, T. Johnstone, M.M. Backonja, A.J. Shackman, R.J. Davidson, Individual differences in the effects of perceived controllability on pain perception: critical role of the prefrontal cortex, J. Cogn. Neurosci. 19 (2007) 993–1003. https://doi.org/10.1162/JOCN.2007.19.6.993.
[71] A. Moors, S. Van de Cruys, G. Pourtois, Comparison of the determinants for positive and negative affect proposed by appraisal theories, goal-directed theories, and predictive processing theories, Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci. 39 (2021) 147–152. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2021.03.015.
[72] K.R. Scherer, A. Moors, The Emotion Process: Event Appraisal and Component Differentiation, Https://Doi.Org/10.1146/Annurev-Psych-122216-011854. 70 (2019) 719–745. https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-PSYCH-122216-011854.
[73] Y. Peng, T. Feng, H. Timmermans, A path analysis of outdoor comfort in urban public spaces, Build. Environ. 148 (2019) 459–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.11.023.
[74] S. Lenzholzer, S. de Vries, Exploring outdoor thermal perception—a revised model, Int. J. Biometeorol. (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-019-01777-z.
[75] S. Lenzholzer, J. Koh, Immersed in microclimatic space: Microclimate experience and perception of spatial configurations in Dutch squares, Landsc. Urban Plan. 95 (2010) 1–15. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2009.10.013.
[76] S. Lenzholzer, Engrained experience—a comparison of microclimate perception schemata and microclimate measurements in Dutch urban squares, Int. J. Biometeorol. 54 (2010) 141–150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-009-0262-z.
[77] S. Lenzholzer, N.Y. van der Wulp, Thermal Experience and Perception of the Built Environment in Dutch Urban Squares, J. Urban Des. 15 (2010) 375–401. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574809.2010.488030.
[78] E. Krüger, Impact of site-specific morphology on outdoor thermal perception: A case-study in a subtropical location, Urban Clim. 21 (2017) 123–135. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2017.06.001.
[79] E.L. Krüger, T. Costa, Interferences of urban form on human thermal perception, Sci. Total Environ. 653 (2019) 1067–1076. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.027.
[80] I. Knez, S. Thorsson, Influences of culture and environmental attitude on thermal, emotional and perceptual evaluations of a public square, Int. J. Biometeorol. 50 (2006) 258–268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-006-0024-0.
[81] E. Zabetian, R. Kheyroddin, Comparative evaluation of relationship between psychological adaptations in order to reach thermal comfort and sense of place in urban spaces, Urban Clim. 29 (2019) 100483. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2019.100483.
[82] C.K.C. Lam, A.J.E. Gallant, N.J. Tapper, Perceptions of thermal comfort in heatwave and non-heatwave conditions in Melbourne, Australia, Urban Clim. 23 (2018) 204–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.UCLIM.2016.08.006.
[83] E.L. Krüger, C.A. Tamura, P. Bröde, M. Schweiker, A. Wagner, Short- and long-term acclimatization in outdoor spaces: Exposure time, seasonal and heatwave adaptation effects, Build. Environ. 116 (2017) 17–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BUILDENV.2017.02.001.
[84] T. Galindo, M.A. Hermida, Effects of thermophysiological and non-thermal factors on outdoor thermal perceptions: The Tomebamba Riverbanks case, Build. Environ. 138 (2018) 235–249. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.04.024.
[85] W. Yang, N.H. Wong, S.K. Jusuf, Thermal comfort in outdoor urban spaces in Singapore, Build. Environ. 59 (2013) 426–435. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BUILDENV.2012.09.008.
[86] L. Chen, Y. Wen, L. Zhang, W.-N. Xiang, Studies of thermal comfort and space use in an urban park square in cool and cold seasons in Shanghai, Build. Environ. 94 (2015) 644–653. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BUILDENV.2015.10.020.
[87] K. Pantavou, G. Theoharatos, M. Santamouris, D. Asimakopoulos, Outdoor thermal sensation of pedestrians in a Mediterranean climate and a comparison with UTCI, Build. Environ. 66 (2013) 82–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BUILDENV.2013.02.014.
[88] S. Thorsson, M. Lindqvist, S. Lindqvist, Thermal bioclimatic conditions and patterns of behaviour in an urban park in Göteborg, Sweden, Int. J. Biometeorol. 48 (2004) 149–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-003-0189-8.
[89] C.K.C. Lam, J. Hang, D. Zhang, Q. Wang, M. Ren, C. Huang, Effects of short-term physiological and psychological adaptation on summer thermal comfort of outdoor exercising people in China, Build. Environ. 198 (2021) 107877. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BUILDENV.2021.107877.
[90] H. Wang, L. Liu, Experimental investigation about effect of emotion state on people’s thermal comfort, Energy Build. 211 (2020) 109789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.109789.
[91] S. Manavvi, E. Rajasekar, Evaluating outdoor thermal comfort in urban open spaces in a humid subtropical climate: Chandigarh, India, Build. Environ. 209 (2022) 108659. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BUILDENV.2021.108659.
[92] S.Q. da S. Hirashima, E.S. de Assis, M. Nikolopoulou, Daytime thermal comfort in urban spaces: A field study in Brazil, Build. Environ. 107 (2016) 245–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BUILDENV.2016.08.006.
[93] W. Klemm, B.G. Heusinkveld, S. Lenzholzer, B. van Hove, Street greenery and its physical and psychological impact on thermal comfort, Landsc. Urban Plan. 138 (2015) 87–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.LANDURBPLAN.2015.02.009.
[94] S. Shooshtarian, I. Ridley, The effect of physical and psychological environments on the users thermal perceptions of educational urban precincts, Build. Environ. 115 (2017) 182–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BUILDENV.2016.12.022.
[95] Y. Jin, H. Jin, J. Kang, Combined effects of the thermal-acoustic environment on subjective evaluations in urban squares, Build. Environ. 168 (2020) 106517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.106517.
[96] K.K.L. Lau, C.Y. Choi, The influence of perceived aesthetic and acoustic quality on outdoor thermal comfort in urban environment, Build. Environ. 206 (2021) 108333. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BUILDENV.2021.108333.
[97] E.H.K. Yung, S. Wang, C. Chau, Thermal perceptions of the elderly, use patterns and satisfaction with open space, Landsc. Urban Plan. 185 (2019) 44–60. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.01.003.
[98] P. Cohen, O. Potchter, A. Matzarakis, Human thermal perception of Coastal Mediterranean outdoor urban environments, Appl. Geogr. 37 (2013) 1–10. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2012.11.001.
[99] M. Schweiker, R. Rissetto, A. Wagner, Thermal expectation: Influencing factors and its effect on thermal perception, Energy Build. 210 (2020) 109729. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENBUILD.2019.109729.
[100] S.Y. Chan, C.K. Chau, T.M. Leung, On the study of thermal comfort and perceptions of environmental features in urban parks: A structural equation modeling approach, Build. Environ. 122 (2017) 171–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.06.014.