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Aims: Pedestrians are very important because of their characteristics in creating social interactions, functional and environmental goals. The main purpose of this study was to investigate and measure the effects of pedestrian paths on improving the quality of urban environment and comparing the 15 Khordad and Saf pedestrians.
Method: In order to conduct this research, first, using descriptive and analytical research method, physical, functional (functional) and perceptual variables affecting the quality of pedestrians were extracted. The above variables were evaluated by the specified indicators in the 15th of Khordad and Saf pedestrians. Some indicators were evaluated in pedestrian paths using expert observation and through maps and tables. For others, the questionnaire was used to measure physical, functional (functional) and perceptual variables. The questionnaire was evaluated for reliability and validity by Cronbach's elfaya method and reviewed through the initial test of internal dissonances.
Results: The results of the studies showed that there was a significant relationship between the variables of facilities and facilities (physical), economic and service performance (functional-functional) and order (perceptual) with improving the quality of the environment. On the other hand, there is no significant relationship between increasing the sense of belonging to the place by creating the 15th of Khordad and Saf pedestrians and increasing social interactions.

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Issue: The Covied-19 Pandemic showed the vulnerability of cities in their current state and revealed one of the strongest stimuli for the need for radical rethinking in Urban Planning. One of the theoretical approaches that has been considered by many cities in developed countries is the 15-Minute City Approach. density, proximity to complementary and consistent functions are its basic principles.
Aims: The purpose of this article is to study the concept of a 15-Minute City, identify the components of achieving it and feasibility study of the adaptation this approach in Iranian cities as a post-pandemic urban planning approach. As a case study, Mehrshahr, Karaj has been studied.
Methodology: It is applied research that is applied descriptive-analytical method. In the analysis of access to index uses, the analysis of the pedestrian network in GIS software was used and using SWOT and QSPM techniques to determine and prioritize strategies for future development. The study area in the direction of the city was 15 Minutes.
Findings: The lack of functional diversity (vacuum in educational, religious and medical uses) and the lack of path continuity and very poor flooring for pedestrians are important issues in this area to adapt to the 15-Minute City approach.
Conclusion: Ensuring the safety and security of pedestrians and cyclists, providing infrastructure and services required for pedestrians and cyclists, applying the principles of mixed and multiple land use and balanced distribution of services are the most important strategies proposed.

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One of the most important aspects of presence of citizens in urban spaces, that enhances their vitality and their effective social roles, is “moving on foot”. Nowadays, in many urban spaces, motion of a large number of citizens, who like to walk here and there in the cities, is affected by various factors. Dissatisfaction of pedestrians due to the limitation of urban spaces has a relationship with the violation of their rights. Citizenship rights, is one of the issues to be considered in Islam and is highly encouraged in respecting human values. A citizen, is an official member of a city, state or country and because of that, there are rights and responsibilities for him/her that have been assigned in law. In fact, citizenship right is a combination of duties and responsibilities of citizens in relation to each other, to the local and to the national government. In Islam, the rights and responsibilities that are known as the citizens’ rights are indigenous with the laws and regulations that have been known and assigned as Islamic human rights. These rights that must be strongly respected by Muslims, include civil, human, social, political, cultural and judicial rights. By studying some samples of justice in the Holy Qur’an, one can notice that “justice” involves all the issues which related to human beings. Some of the meanings of justice in Qur›an which have connection with citizenship rights in Muslim community include: placing everything in their right places, proper and accurate application of everything, respect for individual rights and the prevention of injury and trespassing, saving and prevention extremes, equality with other people and prevention and prohibition of superiority. Prophet Mohammad (peace be upon him) also mentioned justice as a factor for protecting and defending human beings’ right. He emphasized justice as the main criterion for all individual, social, moral, material, physical, spiritual, political and non-political rights. In this article, citizenship right is discussed from the perspective of justice in Islam. Justice is an important factor in the formation of the Islamic city. City is a complex structure that in every moment is influenced by three factors, «body or the built form», «population» and «social relations». So, establishment of justice in Islamic city is the function of (1) establishment of justice in the physical framework of a city, (2)fairly citizens use of urban facilities, (3) establishment of justice regarding to the citizens’ cultural aspects and issues (4) establishment of justice in the behavior of citizens with the physical framework of the city. The balance of the city framework, justice in the rational provision and distribution of municipal facilities, with access to the city authorities, fighting against oppression, good placement of urban facilities and their proximity and accessibility are all the signs of justice in urban scale. But in small-scale there are principles that following them, shows the importance of respecting pedestrians› rights and social justice, such as respect for human worth and dignity, good proportionality between dimensions of space and the characteristics of mental and physical organism of the human body, making the relationship between nature and human, and respect for other people, “La zarar va La zerar rule in Islam”, individual privacy, creating visual beauty and many other issue of these kinds. This study sought to evaluate the impact of these factors in violation of the rights of pedestrians, in the study area (intersection of Jalal Ale Ahmad and Chamran Highway to Kargar-e-shomali Street and Fatemi Intersection) as one of the areas with high pedestrian traffic. The statistical population of this study are the pedestrians who use these paths (the study area) at different times of the day and night. Research methodology is analytical-explanatory and based on field study. So on the basis of pedestrians and authorities views that was found through the researchand the principles of justice in Islam in relation to citizenship rights, six sets of criteria for the analysis citizenship rights of pedestrianscan be defined: Continuity, short distances, beauty, security, safety and comfort.A hierarchical model which intends to determine and analyze the factors that affect the rights of pedestrians in the study area has been used as well as “Expert Choice” software to evaluate the model. The results were obtained for the measures, on the basis of priority including security, safety, short distances, comfort, continuity and beauty. This means that in the study area, security had the greater role on the rights of pedestrians, and beauty has the least importance than others. On the basis of the principles of justice in Islam in relation to rights of citizens and with the issues which obtained in technical studies and expert opinions, the criteria which can affect pedestrian rights were found. For analysis of data, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique, and for the importance of options, a questionnaire have been used. “Delphi Method” was also used to evaluate the importance of the criteria and sub criteria. AHP, according to its special features in the issues related to urban planning is a useful and desirable application. It is useful because it prepared a context for analysis and conversion of complex issues to a logical and simple hierarchy, thus planners can evaluate options with criteria and sub criteria. In addition, it also helps in analyzing the compatibility review in judgments. Given that most issues in urban planning and design can be studied through qualitative and quantitative indicators, the possibility of simultaneous use of both qualitative and quantitative criteria in AHP method made it a powerful tool for analyzing urban issues. Flexibility, ease of calculation and the possibility of final rankings also are other advantages of AHP method which can help in the investigation of Issues in urban planning. So, citizenship rights as a manifestation of the principle of justice in the Muslim community should be considered in Islamic cities. The results of the research show that urban management is the most important factor in relation with violation and defense of pedestrians’ rights. Other factors are: the way people behave in adjacent spaces, the behavior of the owners of vehicles and the behavior of other users at the urban spaces. Security is also the most important factor for pedestrians, the lack of it, is a type of violation of their rights. The current problematic situation of pedestrians’ rights is the result of years’ lack of planning and implementing the rights of individuals to neglect issues of implementation of the management system, but the planners and designers can enhance the present situation through a integrated comprehensive and coordinated planning. This program should be associated with all aspects of planning, design and management of the system. Thus, the crucial role of urban management in connection with the rights of pedestrians in designing new cities, in regularization of towns, in allocating of funds for the reconstruction and rehabilitation of urban road networks and the regulation of urban laws (like appropriate legislation and ordinances to bring about the changes in the culture of citizens who are either walking or riding in urban spaces), as the main tools for managing short and average trips within the city, and the most appropriate manner, must have the highest priority.

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Aims: Academic research plays a crucial role in managing public health and risks. Dissertations and theses are more advanced than articles in producing new knowledge. A review of these academic works on pedestrian safety can reveal unique findings in this domain and enable cross-country comparisons that can inform the selection of dissertation topics for professors and improve student supervision. This scoping review conducted a comparative analysis of Iranian and international theses/dissertations concerning pedestrian crossing behavior.
Information & Methods: This scoping review adhering to the Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines and incorporating Arksey & O’Malley’s framework, examined key aspects of electronic theses and dissertations from Iran and other countries, focusing on the number of electronic theses and dissertations, relevant ministries, temporal trends, departments, academic levels, target demographics, and keywords.
Findings: This study encompassed seven Iranian electronic theses and dissertations and eight international electronic theses and dissertations in English, spanning from 2019 to 2023. A comparative analysis revealed distinct differences. Iranian electronic theses and dissertations lacked contributions from the Information and Communication Technology Innovation and Humanities and Social Sciences, whereas the Health Sciences departments demonstrated notable activity. Internationally, such activity was absent. Additionally, the name of the study location emerged as a prevalent keyword within Iranian electronic theses and dissertations. Most electronic theses and dissertations, regardless of origin, did not specify particular pedestrian target populations.
Conclusion: Given the complexity of pedestrian crossing behavior safety, interdisciplinary collaboration is essential for designing comprehensive studies in the form of theses and dissertations, particularly within the Iranian context.

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Aims: The main objective of this research is to examine the factors influencing the improvement of the design quality of pedestrian tourism routes in selected routes in Tehran city and identify the challenges and issues associated with these routes, as well as the expectations of tourists from these routes.

Methods: The analytical and descriptive methodology is employed in this study. The required information and data are gathered from library sources. In the next stage, through field surveys, a questionnaire is developed and administered. The study population consists of 384 experts in the fields of tourism, management, and urban design, as well as street vendors and tourists in the targeted area. They were selected using a simple random sampling method. The research questionnaire was developed by the researcher and its content and face validity were confirmed by the guidance of professors, advisors, and experts in the field of management and urban design. SPSS23 software was used for data analysis.

Findings: the findings include two quantitative and qualitative divisions; to answer the research questions in the quantitative analysis findings of the SPSS software and the qualitative findings based on the main purpose of the research, by examining the domestic and foreign scientific research articles, the five main factors influencing the quality improvement of walking tourism routes have been achieved.

Conclusion: In this study, five questions including the role of diversity of use, vitality, cultural flexibility, importance to the environment and accessibility in the design quality of walking tourism routes have been examined.
 

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Predicting wind flow pattern around high rise building, because of pedestrian comfort, air pollution in weak wind region and etc. has important position in wind engineering. Turbulent wind flow over buildings due to the complexity like sharp corners, ground effect and different vortexes, is one of the best choices to evaluate turbulence methods. Moreover in a campus due to high velocity region between buildings, simulating wind flow is more complex. Therefore reaching acceptable result needs a fine grid with an accurate turbulence model that increases computational cost. DES is hybrid RANS-LES models for simulating turbulent flow which for their characteristic, treat near wall as RANS and farther the wall act as LES model. Consequently in this hybrid model, computational time will decrease compared to traditional LES models. In this article turbulent 3 dimensional wind flow over Tarbiat Modares University with DES method in different wind velocities is simulated. Because cells number is great, parallel processing has been used. For verification, DES results are compared with traditional LES models such as smagorinsky. The results show good agreement with other traditional methods.

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New users such as pedestrians are added to navigation systems with developing lightweight, portable, low-cost technologies. The pedestrian navigation systems are currently applied in miscellaneous fields including medicine, sport, military services, animation, robotics, etc. This amount of use has attracted the attention of many scholars over the last few decades. In this paper, the paths of a firefighter, as a pedestrian, was estimated approximately by the help of an inertial measurement unit (IMU) and acceleration sensors. To reduce the measured errors and noises by the sensor, zero velocity update (ZUPT) method and Kalman filter are exploited in a pedestrian navigation system. Due to the fact that the error in blind navigation is divergent over time if the filter is not used, the use of conventional accelerometer sensors cannot produce a satisfactory result.
using the combined module of an inertial measurement sensor that includes accelerometer and gyroscope, it is possible to track the person’s position at any moment while the sensor is tracked on the shoe. The ability of ZUPT in navigation system has been discussed and interpreted by measuring a path using a sensor installed on a person’s shoe and comparing the results with the desired predetermined path.
 

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 In this paper, the rage and violence against women have been studied in two different cultures (Western-Iranian) in an analytic-comparative manner, which explicitly depicts how this rage and violence strengthens the patriarchal foundations and sacrifices or even eliminates women. After investigating the theories connected with the feminist criticism and specifically its most significant component i.e. violence against women, the present research analyzes the examples of typical and thematic violence in the two novels of “The Infatuations” by Javier Marias and “On Foot” by Belgheis Soleimani, so that it can unveil the violence against women in these two novels. The analyses show that notwithstanding the different beliefs in the two communities, violence against women is far identical but only different in their type of imposition.