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Contextualism refers to an approach to urban planning, which considers the city in its totality. It also emphasizes on the role of social, cultural, geographical and historical influences on individual development, because of the increasing interest in understanding environment in post-modernist architecture. It is also the degree to which new architecture is sensitive to its site and location. It farther varies from building to building and place to place. Moreover, architecture in context is neither a brief attention nor a radical innovation; rather it is a strong and expressive visual relationship to the surroundings. Individual building is always seen first as a part of the whole. Creating places and spaces that enrich the lives of the people who use them is the foundation of architect’s work. Every building can and should engage in a dialogue with the history, beliefs and needs of a particular place and time. In fact, current architecture in metropolitans of Iran including Tehran has an attitude based on ignoring the environment and the context of projects, including climate, history, geography, culture, etc. This attitude leads contemporary architecture to a sort of chaos and disorder. It also brings about contemporary architecture to lose its distinctiveness, besides increasing tendency and willingness of young generation of architects to imitate foreign works and projects without any attempt to adjust them to the context and environment of local projects. It means that this attitude can face contemporary architecture with a serious danger and threat, which enjoys no identity and character. The aim of this paper is to elaborate how correct and effective designing approaches in contextual architectural design can be obtained in architectural studios in order to provide designing with a dialogue to their context and environment, to have more successful designing, and also to illustrate a clear vision for contemporary architecture. Design studios in Iran, where architectural design lessons are being taught, are the main and fundamental part of architectural education. Considering that most of undergraduate students in Iranian architectural departments are ignoring the context without paying attention to its influences in their designing, we are going to figure out how context can be reflected and used in architectural designs in this paper. For this purpose, architectural designs in 4 different studios including Educational space, Cinema, Hospital, and Residential Space in Sooreh University in two semesters during a year (2009-2010); were evaluated among 20 groups, which were divided into two controlled and uncontrolled units. The evaluation was based on 9 examinations, which the authors had already extracted from the architectural designing principles. It is worth mentioning that the only difference between those two units (controlled and uncontrolled) was the constructed site model that the controlled units could adjust and adapt their designing to. Final evaluation, which was the average score of each designing group in each examination, showed that controlled unit’s designing gathered higher score; consequently, their approach in designing was more successful and effective. It means that contextualized approaches in studios can improve architectural designing and result with architecture in context. In addition, professors at architectural departments should pay more attention to the context and environment and their role in designing process. They further should integrate their teaching with contextualism. To this end, they may utilize many innovative solutions including a model of the project site.

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Asbads are a type of windmill with vertical axis which are considered as the oldest windmills in the world. These mills have been constructed in pre-Islamic eras in Sistan and southern part of Khorasan. From a long time ago, Sistan has been considered as the Iran’s store of wheat. Climate and appropriate soil along with the water of big Hirmand River have provided an appropriate situation for agricultural farms and particularly for wheat. As said, Sistan had been known as a wheat store of Iran. 120-day wind of Sistan is a natural feature of Sistan region. In this region, in the second half of warm season, when wheat is being harvested, vigorous winds start to blow. All of these characteristics provide the situation for constructing the Asbads which are considered as a great innovative production. In this regard there are different evidences which show that the oldest windmills are built at the east of Iran and in Sistan area. Main building of Asbad includes a two-storey building in which upper storey is usually open-ended. Moreover half of the building which is subjected to the wind is constructed completely open and the other half is completely enclosed. The part which is behind the wind side is also entirely open. Asbads have had an important role in past people’s livelihood and also is a sample of combination of traditional architecture with the needs of ecology which is considered as eco-friendly energy. Regarding to the Asbads’ unique characteristic, functional and esthetics features, recognizing them is of special importance. The concern in this research is to know how many groups traditional windmills or Asbads in Sistan are divided to, where they spread in Iran and what are the different types of them? More of the Asbads of Iran have been located in east and south-east of Iran where valuable winds blow during the whole year. Different types of 120-day winds blow in north of Sistan and south of Khorasan in second half of warm season. Asbads with traditional and domestic style provide opportunity for residents to utilize renewable energies. Different types of Asbads have spread all over “big Sistan” which are constructed differently according to the circumstances and ability of residents. Due to this fact, some of them have simple and rural forms and the others are more complicated. However, their functions are the same but their sizes and their efficiencies are different. Studies show that we can break Asbads down into the three groups such as simple Asbads, cylinder Asbads and corridor ones.

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The subject of this article is to study the factors and criteria of urban street desirability and citizens' expectations from them. The problem of research is the lack of accurate knowledge of the components of urban street utility in its various sequences. The theoretical proposition of the research is that the existence of quality in the physical, spatial, semantic-symbolic and activity-social components leads to vitality, memory, safety and flexibility as dimensions of citizens' expectations of the urban street. . The research method of the article includes descriptive-analytical and survey methods. Data collection method Interview is an open and semi-structured questionnaire. The statistical population of citizens is three sequences from Valiasr Street.
The results of the research show that vitality and memory play an important role in meeting the expectations of citizens from the city street. The two dimensions of flexibility and safety play a lesser role than these other two dimensions. The proximity of the importance of the four components leads to greater desirability. For the desirability of an urban street, the role of physical, spatial, semantic and activity components is very different according to the nature of the street sequence, but the effectiveness of all four components in creating desirability and creating a unique street character is very important. Physical and spatial components lead to greater vitality and safety, and semantic and activity components lead to greater memory and flexibility.

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Urbanization and population growth in metropolitan areas, on the one hand, and the growth of large-scale industrial activities, on the other hand, have led to changes in the climate of urban areas.This research is based on the classification of types of research in the category of descriptive and explanatory studies. Based on the results in the category of applied studies. It is based on qualitative and quantitative research processes. The research method is a combination of descriptive-analytical methods and software simulation with software Envi-Met software. Data is quantitative and qualitative related to the quality of space. Implementing it includes conceptual and theoretical modeling, software modeling, change in the type and amount of variables and testing the software model to find optimal answers. For this purpose, a basic model based on common urban forms in Tehran is selected and in which indicators such as the location of building blocks, orientation, the distance between blocks, the height of blocks in Envi-Met software are modeled and based on the index of thermal comfort and degree. PMV temperature was evaluated. According to the software outputs, it can be concluded that the location, distance, orientation and height have a positive effect on reducing thermal islands and providing thermal comfort conditions

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Due to increasing global pressure on the environment caused by human interventions, the studies on interaction of traditional building and their components with nature has been increased. These studies attempt to identify natural building design and determine how to use them in the climatic design of today's architectural design. Building performance simulation enables the examination of the effectiveness of innovative energy efficiency measures and control strategies. Daylighting is an effective approach to allow architectural design and construction practice to have a more flexible design of building facade, and to enhance a more energy-efficient and greener building development. Energy savings resulting from daylighting not only would mean low electric-lighting and reduced-peak electrical demands, but also it means reduced cooling loads and the potential for smaller heating, ventilating and air-conditioning. The absorbed solar radiation acts to raise the surface temperatures and consequently the temperature of the adjacent air layers. This has a significant effect on the generated thermal conditions, which is, in turn, reflected on the thermal behavior of the surrounding habitable spaces. In tropical areas, especially in warm humid areas, the need for shade and air ventilation are most important factors used for the provision of thermal comfort. In climatical and morphological studies of dezful historical context, great appliance of shade and ventilation can be seen. Among the hundreds of ways to do this, one of them is using khavoon (brick work) that creates shadow on the inner and outer walls and increase visual richness of the environment. This paper attempts to understand patterns of the brick khavoon in the way they were used; and to evaluate their shadows. These patterns became 3D using schetchup software and their shadow have been prepared at different hours of day and different directions. The amount of shadow has been calculated and analyzed by the image processing, IMAGEJ software. It seems that such patterns, in different orientation, increase amount of shadow (2.5 - 4.5 times). Given the size of the hourly solar radiation on the walls in each direction, the best direction of using this patterns can be identified.

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Aims: Mosques are one of the essential elements of Iranian and Islamic cities that interact with the urban environment. The entrance is the first space in the mosque that the audience encounters. According to the spiritual concepts, this space provides the audience with the necessary preparation to enter the hierarchy. Light hierarchy is one of the hierarchical factors that effectively understand space and evoke emotions. Light is a supernatural element that can change a person's feelings in space. Therefore, the present study quantitatively compares and contrasts lighting components in the entrance space of four-aisled mosques.
Methods: In the theoretical section, the research variables have been explained by studying scientific sources. Then, by simulating mosques, the light indicators at the entrance of mosques in the Climate Studio plugin are analyzed.
Findings: Considering the results of simulation data analysis, the relationship between the entrance and the inner courtyard of the mosque, entrance decorations, materials, and lattice opening are factors determining the light hierarchy in mosque entrance spaces.
Conclusion: The two parts of separation from the urban space and connection to the courtyard space have the highest light intensity and the changes in light intensity along the route are according to the location of the mosque and the characteristics of the human eye.

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Iranian-Islamic architecture is a precious heritage of Shia culture which is the legacy of past generation, the valuable samples of which are well observed and recognizable in planning, design, and management system of historical cities of Iran. The relation between Iranian-Islamic architecture and theoretical basis, principles of Islamic jurisprudence, and verses of scripture and revelation shall be a valuable treasure in guiding and developing Iranian contemporary architecture and urban development. An overview of practical experiences and their theoretical foundation in the areas of architecture, urban development and urban management indicates that explaining the relation between theoretical principles and physical specifications is the prerequisite for realization and implementation of an architecture style and orientation; it is on the basis of such approach that the subject of the present research could be analyzed in the bed of Koran verses and their valid interpretations. The main research question is that what does identity mean in Islamic architecture? And where is the position of this definition in the formation of Islamic architecture? What are the requirements for realization of the rule of no injury loss in Islam in the bed of forming Islamic architecture? How Islamic architecture is formed in the bed of identifying elements and where is the position of these elements in Islamic architecture? The research method used in this study is based on a logical reasoning method. Upon drawing the theoretical framework of the research, the specialized and scientific resources are analyzed using comparative method, then the resulted opportunities and challenges are discussed. This research is required to be treated qualitatively, so it will be viewed based on free research paradigm using library sources and field study. The research findings indicate that the observance of 10 principles could be introduced as the realization of a rule of no injury loss in Islam in architecture and urban development system, especially in directing and planning urban development projects.

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Aims: The historical context of cities plays a significant role in understanding the complexities and structure of a city, which can lead to the recognition and perception of people. Traditional bazaars are also considered as the most important historical element of cities, despite the studies that provide a model for measuring and evaluating spatial perception in the context of the bazaar, this research is investigated the perceptions of the traditional bazaar of Tehran by applying space layout indicators and cognitive maps.
Methods: In this research, a combined method was used, which is a combination of quantitative and qualitative data and their analysis. In this regard, first, the map of Tehran bazaar has been compared and analyzed in the space layout software, and the axial map indicators have been compared and analyzed with sketches drawn by the statistical community, including businesses, buyers or passers-by.
Findings: The theory of space arrangement alone cannot clarify the various objective and subjective dimensions of the environment for us, because this theory only deals with the objective dimensions of the observer, therefore, to understand the cognitive characteristics of the space which is affected by the type and manner of people's perception, There is a need to use cognitive maps based on the presence of people and focus on users (here, Tehran's Grand Bazaar) who know and experience the environment.
Conclusion: The results of the research indicate that multiple objective and subjective factors together and sometimes with prioritization over each other are effective in determining the correct wayfinding of the space.

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The Arbaeen pilgrimage, a remarkable display of cultural-religious beliefs intertwined with time and space, embodies the essence of human faith in action. This research delves into the aesthetic aspects of this momentous journey, exploring its positive and negative components and proposing solutions for enhancement and rectification. Assessing aesthetic perception and judgment is a complex endeavor that necessitates empirical studies, conceptualizing, and evaluating human emotions. Measuring emotional concepts extends beyond the artistic realm, encompassing design, environment, nature, and even cognitive frameworks.
This study aims to evaluate the aesthetic emotions of pilgrims during the Arbaeen pilgrimage, addressing objectives such as the factors influencing aesthetic emotions, the impact of the environment on aesthetic emotions during Arbaeen, the effect of emotions on individual satisfaction, and providing recommendations for environmental improvement and enhanced pilgrim aesthetic experiences.
Employing a mixed-methods approach, the study utilizes both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. Data was gathered through a specialized questionnaire based on the Neuroscience Aesthetics Scale, interviews, and field observations conducted by the researchers during the Arbaeen pilgrimage. The target population comprised 200 participants in the Arbaeen pilgrimage in 1401 AH (2022 CE), including 100 men and 100 women aged 20 to 50 years. The questionnaire data was analyzed using SPSS software, and the interviews were reviewed. Based on the comprehensive data, appropriate solutions were proposed to improve the conditions and enhance the environmental quality.
The target population consisted of 200 participants in the Arbaeen pilgrimage in 1401 AH (2022 CE), including 100 men and 100 women aged 20 to 50 years. The questionnaire data was analyzed using SPSS software, and the interviews were reviewed. Finally, based on all the collected data, appropriate solutions were proposed to improve the conditions and increase the environmental quality. The results indicated that the aesthetic experiences of the pilgrims were influenced by three main factors: management, infrastructure, and cultural-religious aspects. These factors can be further classified into 15 sub-components. The findings of this study suggest that by improving the three areas of management, infrastructure, and cultural-religious aspects, the quality of the aesthetic experience of the pilgrims in the Arbaeen pilgrimage can be enhanced. This can be achieved through various measures, including cultural training, improved infrastructure, appropriate planning, coordination between organizations, the use of technology, monitoring, and evaluation.

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Will you not then think? (Al-A›raf/ 169), Almighty God has invited the man to think and reason out anywhere of Qur›an. Intellect and reasoning are concepts that always have been reflected purposively, by philosophers and thinkers, in a different world view and to fit within the definition of man and his distinction from other creatures (animals). For in Shi›ism as a result of the impact of these substantive issues, it became distinguishing school from other schools of thought.» Shia Intellectual Thought» is as a distinctive element of other Islamic thought, affects Shia philosophers, result the definitions of intellectual worlds, and has been manifested in the physical or tangible world. In the meantime, manifests and arts of man-made due to manifesting glories of intellectual world in the world of the senses, the downward trend (trend from God), as well as preparing the ground for development of the human soul in the arc of ascent (trend to God) was considered by many thinkers. So the study, assuming that the art of landscape architecture of the Safavid period, with an emphasis on Shi›ism and thought of philosophers such as MullaSadra as Shiite thinkers could qualify as lasting in the minds of Iranian- Islamic national identity, survey the idea that the rational is this thought. This article attempts to answer this question that components and dimensions of the field of rational thinking and the how Safavid Shi›a architecture are reflected in landscape architecture? This article by considering the implications of appearance and reality, truth and the world of justice, magnitude and geometry as influential concepts in Islamic thought and Shia, is trying to find the relationship between these concepts in landscape architecture of the Safavid period. As the studies show that the Islamic world view has considered for anything outward and inner meaning, as know the birthplace of this world and introduce their meaning in the worlds of meaning and understanding of the essence of the person, even though at the levels of perception. If, as in all affairs are the internal and external traits, man also has the rational soul, not isolated and has both of these attributes. It can be concluded that the effect of landscape architecture and generally any man-made will stay good and durability that is capable of understanding it for appearance and reality. It looks trend or pass from appearance to reality of the body of architecture; means that the matter at the possession of architect became a material distances of its physical mode and closes up to its inner mode. Therefore, the requisite of this trend in the face of material is that to make their essential physical aspects hidden and this could be done by smoothing the levels, generally transparent and delicate, ”removing featuring physical adjectives». Artist man by using the capabilities and capacities of its existence (appearance) and also by resorting to inside can after ascending trend in the world receive intellectual intuition, with the creation of the signs of the world’s top witness in the world (by art and architecture here), be the underlying growth of origin, intellectual and other creatures is to receive the vision. And in these ways need to be able to exhibit these meanings in it. Of the other reviewed concepts in this article can be referred to the concept of justice; Islamic philosophers, hold noumenal true for justice, so that the stability of the world as it is and whatever it outside is doomed to fall and straying and it mediates communication with the realm of the sensible world knows and expresses the position of each object in its place. Islamic thinkers have been written books and numerous articles on this subject and many fields have expressed to justice but here it is enough to pay attention to only the meanings of justice and equity that the purpose of the article and indicate its relationship to the words, and its relation to the brains. With regard to the characteristics and meanings of the word of righteousness and justice, we can fit the words, the balance (for stability), survival, intermediate between the sensible and intelligible world in a set. On the other hand some of these words could have physical meanings, in space design and landscape architecture influence as a result of the intelligible world and the world of the senses are the belts and this is exactly (= proportion, balance and fit everything in its place) is what itcan be used as one of the physical dimensions of rational named one hand, the importance of the sense in Shi›ism (If you are a member of the Shiite religious principles) is next marker of Shiite rational thinking. Designing landscape architecture by worldview of Islamic thinkers and philosophers of Islam, to become inner meanings and the meanings supernatural world of the senses, and to reach outward to the inward journey and vice versa and also a manifestation of the concept of justice requires a tool by which a body of material life, and the divine spirit in which brightens up this way, architecture is a platform for the emergence of rational universe works, and flowering of reason and intellection of its audience, to feed in much higher existence. Organize the space through architecture and landscape architecture, with the aim of reason (and connect with the divine) requires a quality space that is associated. In this regard, according to the divine attribute such a geometry that semantic connection between the sensible and intelligible world is established, the words of the Quran and hadith assistance is intended, and the word ”Magnitude» according to the research conducted and appropriate interpretations of this theme. If more researchers, the geometry of Islamic science in the Quran is so closely linked to the concept and it recreated some sort of divine destiny and determine architectural and geometric forms of art introduced. The relationship between the magnitude and the world, for example, that the importance of the traditions of Islamic art on the principles verify. And in a sense, geometry noted the creation of permanent freezing of the sensible world to the world of the intellectual world that exists and is a language of reason. According to pave the presence of Shi›ism in the Safavid period, causing physical manifestation we see these concepts in landscape architecture, which have a rich concepts, as well as the potential impact of philosophical views during this period, have managed, lasting element in strengthening and lead to enhancing the rational perceptions . This paper tries to rely on the Qur›an, the traditions and ideas of Mulla Sadra, examined landscape architecture of Shiite Safavid of Isfahan within the realm of thinking, reasoning and criteria and physical manifestations of it under rational human perception. This research by using library studies, delving into the philosophical and religious studies, seeking to provide interpretation based on rational thinking in terms of Shia Safavid period. Findings show that the Iranian landscape architecture, especially Iran garden, which has well-known and long-lasting historical background, is a pattern for different centuries; during this period, by using the concepts emerging from this thinking, to concepts like world of justice and much greater.

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Environmental sustainability is one of the crucial issues considered by practitioners of environment conservation. One of the major factors which affect the environment is land use management. Consequently, adaptive reuse of industrial vacant buildings has achieved great acceptance among developing countries in recent years, whereas it can provide economic, sociocultural, and ecological benefits to the environment. This research aims to identify the significance of adaptive reuse in sustainability of the environment, especially in neglected industrial areas. The aim is achieved by means of a principle-based approach: defining the meaning of adaptive reuse and its significance in a sustainable environment; then, evaluating sustainability factors among those neglected industrial buildings conserved by adaptive reuse. To gain an understanding of the issue, a “historical interpretation” research method relying on analytical- description techniques was adopted and interviews through questionnaires were conducted with a variety of professors and students. The findings indicate that the concept of environmental sustainability is considered significantly in the adaptive reuse of industrial heritage of Iran. However, ecological aspects are neglected because of the buildings having low energy efficiency and not using renewable energies in the renovation process.

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Abstract: Appealing to the principle of vertical residence and stemming the horizontal expansion of the city, the Tehran Milad Tower is being built on 35000 sm3 site with the total area of 220000 sm3. With a height of over 170m, this 56-story concrete building is in the final stages of construction and would be the highest residential building of Iran. Since Tehran is located in a high-risk earthquake zone, all of its structures must be designed for seismic loads. In this building, the lateral loads are carried with three main shear walls, which are located in an angle of 120 degrees and the gravity loads are transferred from the concrete slabs to the secondary shear walls. Since the introduction of Tuned Mass Dampers (TMD) by Frahm in 1909, as a passive control system, numerous investigations have been carried out to examine the effect of these devices in reducing seismic response of the structures. The objective of incorporating a TMD into a structures is to reduce the energy dissipation demand on the primary structural members subjected to external forces. This reduction is accomplished by transferring some of the structural vibration energy to the TMD and dissipating the energy at the damper of TMD. The purpose of this paper is to design and evaluate the effectiveness of TMD for response reduction of the Tehran tower under seismic excitations. A lumped mass model of the building was provided with 112 translational and 56 rotational degrees of freedom using solid and shell elements. Time history analyses were performed to calculate the response of the structure subjected to some earthquake records. The same procedure was followed for the models with attached TMD. The control effectiveness of TMD was evaluated by comparing the tower's responses with those of the towers without control device. Furthermore, multiple tuned mass dampers are suggested as a solution for insufficiency of TMD.

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Aim: New technology has already changed our interpretation of Persian house. Theory of integration in the high-performance architecture theory shows that the different elements of Iranian house enjoy unity, despite their differences. The research aims to study the most important elements of Persian house based on Islamic-Iranian life style based on a holistic approach.
Methods: The purposive sampling method is developed among the case from the central parts of Iran such as Isfahan, Kashan, Yazd and Ardakan; in order to calculate the area, the module and the period of building the house. Research tool was scientific documentation and survey. The data analysis is based on descriptive-analytical understanding of mathematical space syntax.
Findings: Comparison of the principles considered in the selected samples by the syntactic tools of space, showed that these principles always exist in the spatial structure of Iranian housing. Furthermore, the results of the research emphasize on the high-performance architecture theory principles such as: 1- hierarchy, 2- privacy, 3- transparency and 4- centralization.
Conclusion: The spatial structure of Persian house and Iranian housing is a manifestation of the theory of integration, which is arranges around a central courtyard. The essence of Persian house is depending on the climate as an influential factor, shows different appearance. The Persian house is a technologic-climatic interpretation of Iranian-Islamic lifestyle.

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Aims: Iranian architecture has been studied from different aspects. Shape Grammar is an analytical tool for studying the styles and history of architecture that has the ability to provide a common language and conceptual framework, a coherent and integrated form to study the geographical differences and evolution of Iranian architecture.

In this research, the first step to compile this common grammar of Iranian architecture has been taken by compiling a grammar of a specific form related to the traditional houses of Kashan.

Methods: Out of 100 heritage houses, 19 samples were selected by random / judgmental sampling method. By analyzing the samples, minimal rules are presented.

Findings: The grammar presented in 4 steps produces the formal structure and the spatial relationships between the forms. A valid range of variables and an algebraic expression are presented. Also, with the help of grammar, the spaces in the samples have been typologized. In Kashan houses, the most important spaces, spaces with a width of 5, can be divided into 8 types based on the shape structure. In terms of spatial relationships between components, 6 specific types of relationships between the internal components of each of the previous form structures can be identified, which are described in the findings section.

Conclusion: The proposed grammar can be a coherent structure for the study of Iranian architecture. It can also be used as a suitable tool for typology. Provide the possibility of comparison as well as the relationship between different species and make the studies coherent.