Volume 1, Issue 1 (2020)                   2020, 1(1): 69-83 | Back to browse issues page

XML Persian Abstract Print


Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:

Pouramin K, Khatami S, Shamsodini A. Effective Factors of Forming Urban Heat Islands; With an Emphasis on Urban Design Challenges and Features. Urban Design Discourse
a Review of Contemporary Litreatures and Theories 2020; 1 (1) :69-83
URL: http://udd.modares.ac.ir/article-40-35601-en.html
1- Urban Planning & Design Department, Arts & Architecture Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
2- Urban Planning & Design Department, Arts & Architecture Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran , seyed.mahdi.khatami@gmail.com
3- Humanities Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract:   (6517 Views)
Forming urban heat islands is a serious challenge of the present age and a concern of academic communities. Attention to this issue has increased tremendously in scientific articles and researches, particularly in the last decade. With regard to the importance of the issue, the aim of this study is to form a systematic review and thematic analysis of articles and other researches in this field. Moreover, the content of the key articles was analyzed and the most important factors affecting the formation of urban heat islands were represented in a diagram and each of them was analyzed separately. As examined, urban heat islands are affected by climatic and urban construction factors. The climatic factors include sunlight, wind speed and direction, cloud cover, soil moisture, air humidity, precipitation, latitude, seasonal topographic variations, and the proximity to the river and the sea. Although these factors are almost uncontrollable in the existing cities, they have enormous importance for deciding new towns location and making the decision for city development direction. The second group of factors mainly related to the design of cities is controllable. Among these factors, the most important one is the amount and quality of vegetation in the city. Other factors such as land use, urban density, type of materials used on the facade of the buildings and streets, form and geometry of the city, and also transportation mode could influence the intensity and extent of urban heat islands.
Full-Text [PDF 686 kb]   (1603 Downloads)    
Article Type: Qualitative Research | Subject: Environment and Urban Climate
Received: 2019/08/11 | Accepted: 2019/10/3 | Published: 2020/03/15

References
1. Walsh J, Wuebbles D, Hayhoe K, Kossin J, Kunkel K, Stephens G, et al. Our changing climate. In: U.S. Government Printing. Climate change impacts in the United States. Washington DC.: U.S. Government Printing; 2014. pp. 19-67. [Link]
2. Urban Climate Lab of the Georgia Institute of Technology. Louisville urban heat management study. Louisville: Louisville Metro Office of Sustainability; 2016. [Link]
3. Akbari H. Cooling our communities; A guidebook on tree planting and light-colored surfacing. Akbari H, Davis S, Dorsano S, Huang J, Winnett S, editors. Washington, D.C: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1992. [Link] [DOI:10.2172/10155334]
4. Rizwan AM, Dennis LY, Chunho L. A review on the generation, determination and mitigation of Urban Heat Island. J Environ Sci. 2008;20(1):120-8. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/S1001-0742(08)60019-4]
5. Voogt JA, Oke TR. Thermal remote sensing of urban climates. Remote Sens Environ. 2003;86(3):370-84. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/S0034-4257(03)00079-8]
6. Fernando HJ. Handbook of environmental fluid dynamics, overview and fundamentals. 1st Volume. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2012. [Link] [DOI:10.1201/b14241]
7. Zhang H, Qi ZF, Ye XY, Cai YB, Ma WC, Chen MN. Analysis of land use/land cover change, population shift, and their effects on spatiotemporal patterns of urban heat islands in metropolitan Shanghai, China. Appl Geogr. 2013;44:121-33. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.apgeog.2013.07.021]
8. Nunez M, Oke TR. The energy balance of an urban canyon. J Appl Meteorol. 1977;16(1):11-9. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1977)016<0011:TEBOAU>2.0.CO;2 [Link] [DOI:10.1175/1520-0450(1977)0162.0.CO;2]
9. Schwartz HG, Meyer M, Burbank CJ, Kuby M, Oster C, Posey J, et al. Transportation. In: U.S. Government Printing. Washington DC.: U.S. Government Printing; 2014. pp. 130-49. [Link]
10. Baranowski T, Thompson WO, Durant RH, Baranowski J, Puhl J. Observations on physical activity in physical locations: Ager gender, ethnicity, and month effects. Res Q Exerc Sport. 1993;64(2):127-33. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/02701367.1993.10608789]
11. Basu R. High ambient temperature and mortality: A review of epidemiologic studies from 2001 to 2008. Environ Health. 2009;8(1):40. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/1476-069X-8-40]
12. Houghton JT, Jenkins GJ, Ephraums JJ. Climate change: The IPCC scientific assessment. Cambridge: Press Syndicate the University of Cambridge; 1990. [Link]
13. Landsberg HE. The urban climate. Cambridge: Academic Press; 1981. [Link]
14. Oke TR. The energetic basis of the urban heat island. Q J R Meteorol Soc. 1982;108(455):1-24. [Link] [DOI:10.1002/qj.49710845502]
15. Giridharan R, Ganesan S, Lau SS. Daytime urban heat island effect in high-rise and high-density residential developments in Hong Kong. Energy Build. 2004;36(6):525-34. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.enbuild.2003.12.016]
16. Landsberg HE. Comfortable living depends on microclimate. Weatherwise. 1950;3(1):7-10. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/00431672.1950.9925196]
17. Yang F, Lau SS, Qian F. Summertime heat island intensities in three high-rise housing quarters in inner-city Shanghai China: Building layout, density and greenery. Build Environ. 2010;45(1):115-34. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.05.010]
18. Wienert U, Kuttler W. The dependence of the urban heat island intensity on latitude-a statistical approach. Meteorologische Zeitschrift. 2005;14(5):677-86. [Link] [DOI:10.1127/0941-2948/2005/0069]
19. Chen XL, Zhao HM, Li PX, Yin ZY. Remote sensing image-based analysis of the relationship between urban heat island and land use/cover changes. Remote Sens Environ. 2006;104(2):133-46. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.rse.2005.11.016]
20. Suomi J. Characteristics of urban heat island (UHI) in a high latitude coastal city-a case study of Turku, SW Finland [Dissertation]. Turku: University of Turku; 2014. [Link]
21. Givoni B. Climate considerations in building and urban design. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons; 1998. [Link]
22. Lee DO. Urban-rural humidity differences in London. Int J Climatol. 1991;11(5):577-82. [Link] [DOI:10.1002/joc.3370110509]
23. Ferguson B, Fisher K, Golden J, Hair L, Haselbach L, Hitchcock D, et al. Reducing urban heat islands: Compendium of strategies-cool pavements [Internet]. Washington, DC: The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; 2008 [cited 2019 July 10]. Available from: https://trid.trb.org/view/920168. [Link]
24. Goldreich Y. Urban topoclimatology. Prog Phys Geogr. 1984;8(3):336-64. [Link] [DOI:10.1177/030913338400800302]
25. Taha H. Urban climates and heat islands: Albedo, evapotranspiration, and anthropogenic heat. Energy Build. 1997;25(2):99-103. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/S0378-7788(96)00999-1]
26. Oswald EM, Rood RB, Zhang K, Gronlund CJ, O'Neill MS, White-Newsome JL, et al. An investigation into the spatial variability of near-surface air temperatures in the Detroit, Michigan, metropolitan region. J Appl Meteorol Climatol. 2012;51(7):1290-304. [Link] [DOI:10.1175/JAMC-D-11-0127.1]
27. Giridharan R, Lau SS, Ganesan S, Givoni B. Urban design factors influencing heat island intensity in high-rise high-density environments of Hong Kong. Build Environ. 2007;42(10):3669-84. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.09.011]
28. Mirzaei PA, Haghighat F. Approaches to study urban heat island-abilities and limitations. Build Environ. 2010;45(10):2192-201. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.04.001]
29. Kuttler W. Climate change on the urban scale-effects and counter-measures in Central Europe. In: Chhetri N, editor. Human and social dimensions of climate change. Norderstedt: Books on Demand; 2012. pp.105-42. [Link] [DOI:10.5772/50867]
30. Giridharan R, Kolokotroni M. Urban heat island characteristics in London during winter. Sol Energy. 2009;83(9):1668-82. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.solener.2009.06.007]
31. Oke TR, Cleugh HA. Urban heat storage derived as energy balance residuals. Bound Layer Meteorol. 1987;39(3):233-45. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/BF00116120]
32. Christen A, Vogt R. Energy and radiation balance of a central European city. Int J Climatol. 2004;24(11):1395-421. [Link] [DOI:10.1002/joc.1074]
33. Kim HH. Urban heat island. Int J Remote Sens. 1992;13(12):2319-36. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/01431169208904271]
34. Oke TR. City size and the urban heat island. Atmos Environ. 1973;7(8):769-79. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/0004-6981(73)90140-6]
35. Taleghani M, Kleerekoper L, Tenpierik M, Van Den Dobbelsteen A. Outdoor thermal comfort within five different urban forms in the Netherlands. Build Environ. 2015;83:65-78. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.03.014]
36. Preston-Whyte RA. Wind modification of temperature and moisture distribution over Durban. South Afr Geogr. 1973;4:203-9. [Link]
37. Klysik K, Fortuniak K. Temporal and spatial characteristics of the urban heat island of Lodz, Poland. Atmos Environ. 1999;33(24-25):3885-95. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00131-4]
38. Chow WT, Roth M. Temporal dynamics of the urban heat island of Singapore. Int J Climatol. 2006;26(15):2243-60. [Link] [DOI:10.1002/joc.1364]
39. Eliasson I. Urban nocturnal temperatures, street geometry and land use. Atmos Environ. 1996;30(3):379-92. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/1352-2310(95)00033-X]
40. John Arnfield A. Two decades of urban climate research: A review of turbulence, exchanges of energy and water, and the urban heat island. Int J Climatol. 2003;23(1):1-26. [Link] [DOI:10.1002/joc.859]
41. Pongrácz R, Bartholy J, Dezső Z, Lelovics E. Urban heat island effect of large central European cities using satellite measurements of surface temperature. The 89th American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting: 8th Symposium on the Urban Environment, 2009 January 11-15, Phoenix, Arizona. Unknown Publisher city: Unknown Publisher; 2009. [Link]
42. Unwin DJ. The synoptic climatology of Birmingham's urban heat island, 1965-74. Weather. 1980;35(2):43-50. [Link] [DOI:10.1002/j.1477-8696.1980.tb03484.x]
43. Unger J. Urban-rural air humidity differences in Szeged, Hungary. Int J Climatol. 1999;19(13):1509-15. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(19991115)19:13<1509::AID-JOC453>3.0.CO;2-P [Link] [DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(19991115)19:133.0.CO;2-P]
44. Kim YH, Baik JJ. Spatial and temporal structure of the urban heat island in Seoul. J Appl Meteorol. 2005;44(5):591-605. [Link] [DOI:10.1175/JAM2226.1]
45. Yow DM. Urban heat islands: Observations, impacts, and adaptation. Geogr Compass. 2007;1(6):1227-51. [Link] [DOI:10.1111/j.1749-8198.2007.00063.x]
46. Alcoforado MJ, Andrade H. Nocturnal urban heat island in Lisbon (Portugal): Main features and modelling attempts. Theor Appl Climatol. 2006;84(1-3):151-9. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s00704-005-0152-1]
47. Nasrallah HA, Brazel AJ, Balling Jr RC. Analysis of the Kuwait City urban heat island. Int J Climatol. 1990;10(4):401-5. [Link] [DOI:10.1002/joc.3370100407]
48. Saaroni H, Ziv B. The impact of a small lake on heat stress in a Mediterranean urban park: The case of Tel Aviv, Israel. Int J Biometeorol. 2003;47(3):156-65. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s00484-003-0161-7]
49. Heino R. Urban effect on climatic elements in Finland. Helsinki: University of Helsinki; 1979. [Link]
50. Steinecke K. Urban climatological studies in the Reykjavık subarctic environment, Iceland. Atmos Environ. 1999;33(24-25):4157-62. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00158-2]
51. Steeneveld GJ, Koopmans S, Heusinkveld BG, Van Hove LW, Holtslag AA. Quantifying urban heat island effects and human comfort for cities of variable size and urban morphology in the Netherlands. J Geophys Res Atmos. 2011;116:D20129. [Link] [DOI:10.1029/2011JD015988]
52. Klok L, Zwart S, Verhagen H, Mauri E. The surface heat island of Rotterdam and its relationship with urban surface characteristics. Resour Conserv Recycl. 2012;64:23-9. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.resconrec.2012.01.009]
53. Zhou W, Qian Y, Li X, Li W, Han L. Relationships between land cover and the surface urban heat island: Seasonal variability and effects of spatial and thematic resolution of land cover data on predicting land surface temperatures. Landsc Ecol. 2014;29(1):153-67. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s10980-013-9950-5]
54. Lo CP, Quattrochi DA. Land-use and land-cover change, urban heat island phenomenon, and health implications. Photogramm Eng Remote Sens. 2003;69(9):1053-63. [Link] [DOI:10.14358/PERS.69.9.1053]
55. Sun D, Kafatos M. Note on the NDVI‐LST relationship and the use of temperature‐related drought indices over North America. Geophys Res Lett. 2007;34(24):L24406. [Link] [DOI:10.1029/2007GL031485]
56. Stone B, Norman JM. Land use planning and surface heat island formation: A parcel-based radiation flux approach. Atmos Environ. 2006;40(19):3561-73. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.01.015]
57. Akbari H. Investigation of temperature distribution pattern of Tehran city using Landsat TM [Dissertation]. Tehran: Tarbiat Modarres University; 2000. [Link]
58. Wang K, Wang J, Wang P, Sparrow M, Yang J, Chen H. Influences of urbanization on surface characteristics as derived from the Moderate‐Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer: A case study for the Beijing metropolitan area. J Geophys Res Atmos. 2007;112(D22):D22S06. [Link] [DOI:10.1029/2006JD007997]
59. Younger M, Morrow-Almeida HR, Vindigni SM, Dannenberg AL. The built environment, climate change, and health: Opportunities for co-benefits. Am J Prev Med. 2008;35(5):517-26. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.amepre.2008.08.017]
60. Britter RE, Hanna SR. Flow and dispersion in urban areas. Annu Rev Fluid Mech. 2003;35(1):469-96. [Link] [DOI:10.1146/annurev.fluid.35.101101.161147]
61. Fan H, Sailor DJ. Modeling the impacts of anthropogenic heating on the urban climate of Philadelphia: A comparison of implementations in two PBL schemes. Atmos Environ. 2005;39(1):73-84. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.09.031]
62. Shashua-Bar L, Hoffman ME. Vegetation as a climatic component in the design of an urban street: An empirical model for predicting the cooling effect of urban green areas with trees. Energy Build. 2000;31(3):221-35. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/S0378-7788(99)00018-3]
63. Peng Sh, Piao Sh, Ciais P, Friedlingstein P, Ottle C, Bréon FM, et al. Surface urban heat island across 419 global big cities. Environ Sci Technol. 2011;46(2):696-703. [Link] [DOI:10.1021/es2030438]
64. Lemonsu A, Masson V. Simulation of a summer urban breeze over Paris. Bound Layer Meteorol. 2002;104(3):463-90. [Link] [DOI:10.1023/A:1016509614936]
65. Stone Jr B, Rodgers MO. Urban form and thermal efficiency: How the design of cities influences the urban heat island effect. J Am Plan Assoc. 2001;67(2):186-198. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/01944360108976228]
66. Coseo P, Larsen L. How factors of land use/land cover, building configuration, and adjacent heat sources and sinks explain Urban Heat Islands in Chicago. Landsc Urban Plan. 2014;125:117-29. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.02.019]
67. Oke TR. Canyon geometry and the nocturnal urban heat island: Comparison of scale model and field observations. J Climatol. 1981;1(3):237-54. [Link] [DOI:10.1002/joc.3370010304]
68. Oke TR. Street design and urban canopy layer climate. Energy Build. 1988;11(1-3):103-13. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/0378-7788(88)90026-6]
69. Ali-Toudert F, Mayer H. Effects of asymmetry, galleries, overhanging facades and vegetation on thermal comfort in urban street canyons. Sol Energy. 2007;81(6):742-54. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.solener.2006.10.007]
70. Hu Y, White M, Ding W. An urban form experiment on urban heat island effect in high density area. Procedia Eng. 2016;169:166-74. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.10.020]
71. Carlson TN, Augustine JA, Boland FE. Potential application of satellite temperature measurements in the analysis of land use over urban areas. Bull Am Meteorol Soc. 58(12)1977:1301-3. [Link]
72. Zhang Y, Liang S. Impacts of land cover transitions on surface temperature in China based on satellite observations. Environ Res Lett. 2018;13(2):024010. [Link] [DOI:10.1088/1748-9326/aa9e93]
73. Akbari H, Pomerantz M, Taha H. Cool surfaces and shade trees to reduce energy use and improve air quality in urban areas. Sol Energy. 2001;70(3):295-310. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/S0038-092X(00)00089-X]
74. Rezaei Rad H, Rafieian M, Sozer H. Evaluating the effects of increasing of building height on land surface temperature. Int J Urban Manag Energy Sustain. 2017;1(1):11-6. [Link]
75. Perini K, Magliocco A. Effects of vegetation, urban density, building height, and atmospheric conditions on local temperatures and thermal comfort. Urban For Urban Green. 2014;13(3):495-506. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.ufug.2014.03.003]
76. Yang L, Qian F, Song DX, Zheng KJ. Research on urban heat-island effect. Procedia Eng. 2016;169:11-8. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.10.002]
77. Kaufmann RK, Zhou L, Myneni RB, Tucker CJ, Slayback D, Shabanov NV, et al. The effect of vegetation on surface temperature: A statistical analysis of NDVI and climate data. Geophys Res Lett. 2003;30(22):2147. [Link] [DOI:10.1029/2003GL018251]
78. Carlson TN, Arthur ST. The impact of land use-land cover changes due to urbanization on surface microclimate and hydrology: A satellite perspective. Glob Planet Chang. 2000;25(1-2):49-65. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/S0921-8181(00)00021-7]
79. Böhm R. Urban bias in temperature time series- a case study for the city of Vienna, Austria. Clim Chang. 1998;38(1):113-28. [Link] [DOI:10.1023/A:1005338514333]
80. Du H, Wang D, Wang Y, Zhao X, Qin F, Jiang H, et al. Influences of land cover types, meteorological conditions, anthropogenic heat and urban area on surface urban heat island in the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration. Sci Total Environ. 2016;571:461-70. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.012]
81. Fulton PN. Estimating the daytime population with the urban transportation planning package. Transp Res Rec. 1984;(981):25-7. [Link]
82. Stone B, Hess JJ, Frumkin H. Urban form and extreme heat events: Are sprawling cities more vulnerable to climate change than compact cities?. Environ Health Perspect. 2010;118(10):1425-8. [Link] [DOI:10.1289/ehp.0901879]
83. Tan M, Li X. Quantifying the effects of settlement size on urban heat islands in fairly uniform geographic areas. Habitat Int. 2015;49:100-6. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.05.013]
84. Bärring L, Mattsson JO, Lindqvist S. Canyon geometry, street temperatures and urban heat island in Malmö, Sweden. J Climatol. 1985;5(4):433-44. [Link] [DOI:10.1002/joc.3370050410]
85. Yamashita Sh, Sekine K, Shoda M, Yamashita K, Hara Y. On relationships between heat island and sky view factor in the cities of Tama River basin, Japan. Atmos Environ. 1986;20(4):681-6. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/0004-6981(86)90182-4]
86. John Arnfield A, Grimmond CS. An urban canyon energy budget model and its application to urban storage heat flux modeling. Energy Build. 1998;27(1):61-8. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/S0378-7788(97)00026-1]
87. Svensson MK. Sky view factor analysis-implications for urban air temperature differences. Meteorol Appl. 2004;11(3):201-11. [Link] [DOI:10.1017/S1350482704001288]
88. Palme M, Lobato A, Carrasco C. Quantitative analysis of factors contributing to urban heat island effect in cities of latin-American Pacific coast. Procedia Eng. 2016;169:199-206. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.10.024]
89. Yezioro A, Capeluto IG, Shaviv E. Design guidelines for appropriate insolation of urban squares. Renew Energy. 2006;31(7):1011-23. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.renene.2005.05.015]
90. Boukhabla M, Alkama D, Bouchair A. The effect of urban morphology on urban heat island in the city of Biskra in Algeria. Int J Ambient Energy. 2013;34(2):100-10. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/01430750.2012.740424]
91. Sakakibara Y. A numerical study of the effect of urban geometry upon the surface energy budget. Atmos Environ. 1996;30(3):487-96. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/1352-2310(94)00150-2]
92. Montávez JP, Rodríguez A, Jiménez JI. A study of the urban heat island of Granada. Int J Climatol. 2000;20(8):899-911. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0088(20000630)20:8<899::AID-JOC433>3.0.CO;2-I [Link] [DOI:10.1002/1097-0088(20000630)20:83.0.CO;2-I]
93. Bourbia F, Awbi HB. Building cluster and shading in urban canyon for hot dry climate: Part 1: Air and surface temperature measurements. Renew Energy. 2004;29(2):249-62. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/S0960-1481(03)00170-8]
94. Yuan Ch, Chen L. Mitigating urban heat island effects in high-density cities based on sky view factor and urban morphological understanding: A study of Hong Kong. Archit Sci Rev. 2011;54(4):305-15. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/00038628.2011.613644]
95. Ichinose T, Shimodozono K, Hanaki K. Impact of anthropogenic heat on urban climate in Tokyo. Atmos Environ. 1999;33(24-25):3897-909. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00132-6]
96. Sailor DJ, Lu L. A top-down methodology for developing diurnal and seasonal anthropogenic heating profiles for urban areas. Atmos Environ. 2004;38(17):2737-48. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.01.034]
97. Sailor DJ. A review of methods for estimating anthropogenic heat and moisture emissions in the urban environment. Int J Climatol. 2011;31(2):189-99. [Link] [DOI:10.1002/joc.2106]

Add your comments about this article : Your username or Email:
CAPTCHA

Send email to the article author


Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.